What urban and regional planners do

Urban and regional planners develop plans and programs for the use of land.

Urban and regional planners identify community needs and develop short- and long-term plans to create, grow, or revitalize a community or area. For example, planners may examine plans for proposed facilities, such as schools, to ensure that these facilities will meet the needs of a changing population.

As an area grows or changes, planners help communities manage the related economic, social, and environmental issues, such as planning a new park, sheltering the homeless, or making the region more attractive to businesses.

When beginning a project, planners work with public officials, community members, and other groups to identify community issues or goals. Using research, data analysis, and collaboration with interest groups, planners formulate strategies to address issues or meet goals.

They also may help carry out community plans, oversee projects, and organize the work of the groups involved. Projects may range from a policy recommendation for a specific initiative to a long-term, comprehensive area plan.

Planners use a variety of tools and technology in their work, including geographic information systems (GIS) tools that analyze and manipulate data. GIS is used to integrate the data with electronic maps. For example, planners may use GIS to overlay a land map with population density indicators. They also use statistical software, visualization and presentation programs, financial spreadsheets, and other database and software programs.

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RAIN

Rain is droplets of water falling from clouds in the sky that are bigger than 0.5 mm. Droplets of water that are about 0.2mm to 0.5mm big are called drizzle. Rain is a kind of precipitation. Precipitation is any kind of water that falls from clouds in the sky, like rain, hail, sleet and snow. Rain is part of the water cycle.

Convectional rain happens in places of the world that are hot and wet. Sometimes, it also takes place in tropical deserts and inland areas during summer, when temperatures are hot. During the day, the sun makes the ground very hot. Air near the ground surface is heated by conduction. The heated air expands, becoming less dense and rises in a strong upwards air current. When the temperature of the rising air falls to the dew point, water vapor shrinks into thick clouds and forms convection rain. Depending on the temperature it may fall as sleet or snow.

Relief rain usually happens along coastal areas where a line of hills runs along to the coast. When wet onshore wind from the sea meets a mountain, hill or any other sort of barrier, it is forced to rise along the slope and cools. When the air temperature falls to its dew point, water vapor condenses to form clouds. When the clouds can no longer hold the water droplets, relief rain begins to fall on the windward slope of the mountain. On the leeward slope, air sinks, it is warmed and further dried by compression. Therefore, the leeward slope is known as rain shadow. Moist winds blow in from the sea and are forced to rise over the land. The air cools and the water vapour condenses, forming rain drops. Relief rain is also a very dense and cold mixture of precipitation.

Frontal rain is when a cold front meets a warm air front. The less dense warm air rises and condenses forming clouds. These clouds get heavier and it eventually rains. The cold air front tends to come from the north west and the warm air front comes from the south west.

A Rainstorm is a sudden heavy fall of rain. It may cause floods on land which is not much above the level of the sea for example, flat coastal land and river basins. Too much water can make rivers overflow and cause floods. Also, landslides may happen. This is bad news as people may drown. For example, over 6 million people died just last year from rainstorms.

Вариант №5.

I. Перепишите предложения, определите степени сравнения прилагательных или наречий, переведите на русский язык.

1. He is the best student in our group.

2. We discussed the most important problems at the meeting yesterday.

3. August is the most rainy season.

4. Better late than never.

5. He is the younger brother.

II. Перепишите предложения, определите видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. My sister lived in Leningrad last year.

2. It often rains in autumn.

3. Many different crops have grown on our farm.

4. Farmers had harvested crops by the end of the month.

5. Third-year students will work at the computer centre.

III. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. You must not smoke here.

2. They could start the experiment yesterday.

3. It may rain today.

4. I have to come in time.

5. He is able to play chess.

IV. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните причастия, установите функции каждого из них (определение, обстоятельство, часть сказуемого). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The student translating the text is my friend.

2. He is going along the street.

3. The working man is my father.

4. When done this work will give good results.

5. We saw the houses built many years ago.

V. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

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