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Вариант №2

1. Напишите первую форму следующих глаголов:

1. founded – found

2. developed – develop

3. studied – study

4. carried – carry

5. constructed – construct

6. surrounded – surround

7. existed – exist

8. joined – join

9. entered – enter

10. worked – work

11. trained – train

12. headed – head

1. taught – teach

2. meant – mean

3. cut – cut

4. grew – grow

5. laid – lay

6. broke – break

7. saw – see

8. became – become

9. got – get

10. gave – give

11. wrote – write

12. sold - sell

2. Напишите вторую и третью формы следующих глаголов (Past Indefinite, Participle II):

Live – lived – lived

Invite – invited - invited

Ask – asked – asked

Answer – answered – answered

Last – lasted – lasted

Fail – failed – failed

Pass – passed – passed

Allow – allowed – allowed

Plan – planed – planed

Connect – connected – connected

Repeat – repeated – repeated

Look – looked – looked

Say - said – said

Show – showed – shown

Tell – told – told

Have – had – had

Begin – began – begun

Take – took – taken

Do – did – done

Spend – spent – spent

Go – went – gone

Drive – drove – driven

Win – won – won

Lie – lay – lain

3. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. He has always helped me during our study. Он всегда помогал мне во время нашей учебы.

2. I have finished Exercise 1. Я закончил упражнение 1.

3. My friend has received a letter from India. Мой друг получил письмо из Индии.

4. She has made a mistake in her test. Она сделала ошибку в своем тесте.

5. The child has slept in the open air. Ребенок уснул на открытом воздухе.

4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, отразив смысловое различие, внесённое глагольными формами. Определите время глагола в обоих предложениях:

1. I shall be translating a very difficult scientific article during the second week of April.

Future Continuous Tense

Я буду переводить очень сложную научную статью в течение второй недели в апреле.

2. By April I shall have translated a very difficult scientific article.

Future Prefect Tense

К апрелю я переведу очень сложную научную статью.

5. Поставьте глаголы, заключённые в скобки, в Past Indefinite или Present Perfect:

1. I have had a busy day today.

2. She had a busy day last Sunday.

3. I had been to London twice.

4. When have you been there?

5. They came back from the North a month ago.

6. Напишите следующие предложения в Past Indefinite u Future Indefinite:

1. You must introduce the new methods.

You introduced the new methods. (Past Indefinite)

You will introduce the new methods. (Future Indefinite)

2. Children can help their parents about the house.

Children could help their parents about the house.

Children will be able to help their parents about the house.

3. The girl may stay at home.

The girl might stay at home.

The girl will be allowed to stay at home.

7. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами:

1. You must not break the rules.

2. The teacher had to explain the meaning of every word at the last lesson.

3. The students need to use a dictionary while translating the text.

4. He was to leave the lesson when he fell ill.

5. Must we do all this work? No, you need not.

6. Children can easily make up stories.

7. 1 shall see my group-mates in the afternoon.

8. You might speak to him at once. Why didn't you?

9. They will learn all the words of Unit 3.

10. Will you teach your friend to swim?

8. Поставьте предложения в прошедшем и будущем времени; укажите время и залог глагола:

1. The new metro stations are being built in our city

The new metro stations were being built in our city. (стр.залог – Past Continuous Tense)

The new metro stations will be built in our city. (стр. залог – Future Simple Tense)

2. Many subjects are studied by the students at our Institute.

Many subjects were studied by the students at our Institute. (стр.залог – Past Simple Tense)

Many subjects will be studied by the students at our Institute. (стр. залог – Future Simple Tense)

3. The letters are received early in the morning.

The letters were received early in the morning. (стр.залог – Past Simple Tense)

The letters will be received early in the morning. (стр. залог – Future Simple Tense)

4. News is reported over the radio every day.

News was reported over the radio every day. (стр.залог – Past Simple Tense)

News will be reported over the radio every day. (стр. залог – Future Simple Tense)

5. The exercises are checked up in class.

The exercises were checked up in class. (стр.залог – Past Simple Tense)

The exercises will be checked up in class. (стр. залог – Future Simple Tense)

6. The children are taken great care of.

The children were taken great care of. (акт.залог – Past Simple Tense)

The children will be taken great care of. (акт. залог – Future Simple Tense)

7. The delegations are shown around our city.

The delegations were shown around our city. (стр.залог – Past Simple Tense)

The delegations will be shown around our city. (стр. залог – Future Simple Tense)

8. Urgent messages are sent by wire.

Urgent messages were sent by wire. (стр. залог – Past Simple Tense)

Urgent messages will be sent by wire. (стр. залог – Future Simple Tense)

9. Oranges are grown in the South.

Oranges were grown in the South. (стр. залог – Past Simple tense)

Oranges will be grown in the South. (стр. залог – Future Simple Tense)

10. Hats are sold at the millinery.

Hats were sold at the millinery. (стр.залог – Past Simple tense)

Hats will be sold at the millinery. (стр. залог – Future Simple Tense)

9. Поставьте глаголы, заключённые в скобки, в соответствующую форму страдательного залога:

1. Our guests are being shown around the city now.

2. Art festivals are held every other year.

3. This scientific problem is being spoken much about lately.

4. The lecture will be delivered in French next time.

5. The method was put in practice a few months ago.

6. A new method is being put in practice now.

7. A lot of beautiful buildings had been built since that time.

8. The article will be written soon.

9. Another excursion was organized for our group last Saturday.

10. Поставьте все типы вопросов к следующим предложениям:

1. A taxi has been sent for.

What has been sent for?

Has taxi been sent for?

For whom has taxi been sent?

Has a taxi been sent for you or your friend?

A taxi has been sent for, doesn’t it?

2. Many poems were learnt by heart.

What were learnt by heart?

Were many poems learnt by heart?

How poems were learnt?

Were many poems learnt by heart or by inspiration?

Many poems were learnt by heart, weren’t it?

3. The play will be much spoken about.

What will be much spoken about?

Will the play be much spoken about?

How much will the play be spoken about?

Will the play be spoken about much or little?

The play will be much spoken about, won’t it?

4. The child's temperature is taken each hour.

What is taken each hour?

Is the child's temperature taken each hour?

When is the child's temperature taken?

Is the child's temperature taken each hour or each day?

The child's temperature is taken each hour, isn’t it?

5. The story is being read aloud.

What is being read aloud?

Is the story being read aloud?

How the story is being read?

Is the story being read aloud or silently?

The story is being read aloud, isn’t it?

11. Ответьте на следующие вопросы письменно:

1. When was America discovered? America was discovered in 1492.

2. By whom was it discovered? It was discovered by Christopher Columbus.

3. The new continent was named after Amerigo Vespussi, wasn't it? Yes, it was.

4. Why was the continent named after Amerigo Vespussi? Amerigo Vespucci was the first person to recognize North and South America as distinct continents.

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Text M 4 Economics

It is not only customary but also logical to begin the study of any subject with its definition. But, when we come to economics, we are seriously handicapped in this regard, as there is neither a single comprehensive definition of the subject nor a general agreement among economists on the appropriateness of a particular definition. Economics being a developing and dynamic subject, its true range is not yet fixed. It cannot be fixed, either. This is because economics develops changes with time; and time is never steady or stern. Things change with time, so does economics: its scope-boundaries of the subject-matter, range, method and mode of analysis, approach to thinking on economic ideas and institutions, their role and significance, everything changes when time moves. Perhaps, for these reasons, economists like Hutchinson and Myrdal are of the opinion that economists need to be rigid regarding the precise definition of economics, since a mere definition is of little use in explaining and solving the economic problems faced by man in his life.

This, however, does not mean that one can remain silent on the question of defining economics. An attempt to provide a systematic, comprehensive and analytical definition of the subject is essential to know its nature, scope, significance and limitations. "Definition", as Erich Roll says, "is an essential part of any systematic discipline and the limits of field which it sets out to cultivate should be clearly marked. It is by definition that we assign to each discipline its room in the building of knowledge".

Экономика.

Начать изучение любого предмета не только традиционно, но и логично с его определения. Но, когда речь заходит об экономике, мы оказываемся в затруднительном положении, поскольку не существует ни единого всеобъемлющего определения этого предмета, ни общего согласия среди экономистов по поводу целесообразности того или иного определения. У экономики как развивающегося и динамичного предмета, еще не установлен истинный предел. Более того, она не может иметь границ. Это происходит потому, что экономика меняется вместе со временем; а время никогда не было устойчивой или жесткой величиной. Все меняется со временем, и экономика тоже: ее предметные области-границы, диапазон, метод и вид анализа, подход к мышлению об экономической идее и институтах, их роль и значение, все меняется, когда происходит движение времени. Возможно, по этим причинам, экономисты, такие как Хатчинсон и Мюрдаль считают, что экономисты должны быть жесткими в отношении точного определения экономической науки, так как определение само по себе приносит мало пользы в объяснении и решении экономических проблем, стоящих перед человеком в его жизни.

Это, однако, не означает, что можно не отвечать на вопрос об определении экономики. Чтобы дать систематическое, всестороннее и аналитическое определение предмета необходимо знать его характер, масштабы, значение и ограничения. "Определение", как говорит Эрих Ролл, "является неотъемлемой частью любой систематической дисциплины и пределы этой сферы деятельности должны быть четко обозначены. В сущности, мы приписываем каждой дисциплине свою комнату в здании знаний".