2015-07-21
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1. Any soil excavated while tunnelling is called (горная порода) (fig. 16.1).
2. The place where the tunnel is being driven by the TBM is called (забой).
3. The excavation of a small cross section in front of the face is called (направляющая штольня).
4. A tunnel vault is called (калотта).
5. To prevent the rock from toppling the tunnel vault and walls. They are supported by (обделка).
6. Lining is the basic structural tunnel element. It is made of (монолитный бетон, бетонные блоки, чугунные тюбинги).
7. Lining made of concrete plates or cast in situ blocks is less labour-consuming in comparison with cast-iron liner plates and provides safety.
8. One of the most important tunnel sections is its hillside entrance called a (портал). It connects the tunnel to (земная поверхность) and must be of sufficient structural strength.
9. The basic tunnel part protecting it from (обвал горной породы) is (несущая конструкция).
10. These elements (погружаться) into the trench at a rate of four elements per week.
11. A number of (трубопроводы) will be placed inside the tunnel on steel pipe racks. They will be used for transporting various materials such as crude oil, chemicals and drinking water.
12. Continuous dewatering is required to prevent the (грунтовая вода) inflow into the face.
13. (Торкрет-бетон) is dispensed by (сжатый воздух) (fig. 16.2).
14. The tunnel designed for various types of vehicles, railway tracks and footpaths is called a (комбинированный). (Не равнинные тоннели) are driven through mountain ridges.
15. Tunnel elements are laid into the (котлован) and connected to one another by means of rubber gaskets.
16. The concrete for tunnel lining is called (прессованный бетон) when it is conveyed under pressure.
17. The tunnel lies in (зона землетрясения).
