2015-07-21
343
I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
1. The first tunnels were built by Romans.
2. In the Middle Ages tunnels were built to connect castles with churches
3. The Egyptians used advanced technologies for cutting soft rocks.
4. The Greeks and Romans widely used tunnels.
5. Ventilation methods were limited to waving a canvas at the mouth of the shaft.
6. Transportation needs greatly increased in the 17-th century in Europe.
7. The first canal tunnel was built in France to connect The Indian and the Mediterranean.
8. James Brindley built the Bridgewater Canal Tunnel to carry coal.
9. The introduction of railroads slowed the building of canal tunnels.
10. Railroad tunneling was developed mainly in England.
II. Answer the questions
1. Why did prehistoric people do the first tunneling?
2. Who developed tunneling methods?
3. How were tunnels used in ancient times?
4. What method had been introduced by the 6-th century B.C.?
5. What were ventilation methods like?
6. What were tunnels built for in Middle Ages?
7. Why were canal tunnels built in the 17-th century?
8. What canal tunnels do you know?
9. Why did the canal tunnels fall into disuse about 1830?
10. When was railroad tunneling developed?
LANGUAGE FOCUS
III. Match the words with their synonyms.
1. to look for a) extensively
2. to expand b) to connect
3. widely c) to divert
4. to link d) advance
5. to complete e) to seek
6. to draw aside f) primitive
7. approach g) to accomplish
8. simple h) to enlarge
IV. Match the words with their opposites
1. modern a) irrigation
2. drainage b) expand
3. fill up c) prehistoric
4. plain d) notable
5. source e) mouth
6. civil f) elaborate
7. obscure g) military
8. narrow h) excavate
V. Fill in the prepositions.
1) To be used … sth, 2) to connect sth … sth, 3) to make use … sth, 4) to limit … sth, 5) … the mouth, 6) to carry sth … sth, 7) with the introduction … sth, 8) to expand … the world, 9) increase … sth, 10) to fall … disuse.
