Body waves

In Acoustic, There are two types of body waves:

• P-waves - ComPressional, longitudinal, Pressure, or Primary waves (Push-Pull)

• S-waves - Shear, transverse, tangential, or Secondary waves (Side-to-Side)

P-waves

A P-wave is an elastic body wave in which the particle motion involves oscillations in the direction of propagation of the wave

S-waves

An S-wave is an elastic body wave in which the particle motion involves oscillation in planes that are perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave.

P-waves travel faster than S-waves. As a rule of thumb, P wave velocities (Vp) are usually about 1.7 times as fast as those of S-waves (Vs). This difference is related to the mechanics of the process

Vugs

Vugs are small to medium-sized cavities inside rock that may be formed through a variety of processes. Most commonly cracks and fissures opened by tectonic activity (folding and faulting) are partially filled by quartz, calcite, and other secondary minerals. Open spaces within ancient collapse breccias are another important source of vugs. Vugs may also result when mineral crystals or fossils inside a rock matrix are later removed through erosion or dissolution processes, leaving behind irregular voids.

Sandstone

Sandstone is a category of rock made from sediment (asedimentary rock). The sediment particles are clasts, or pieces, of minerals and fragments of rock, thus sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock. It is composed mostly of sand, which means particles of a medium size, so sandstone is a medium-grained clastic sedimentary rock.

Evaporites

Evaporite is a name for a water-soluble mineral sediment that result from concentration and crystallization by evaporation from an aqueous solution.^[1] There are two types of evaporate deposits: marine, which can also be described as ocean deposits, and non-marine, which are found in standing bodies of water such as lakes. Evaporites are considered sedimentary rocks.

Limestone

Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) in the form of the mineral calcite. It most commonly forms in clear, warm, shallow marine waters. It is usually an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal and fecal debris. It can also be a chemical sedimentary rock formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate from lake or ocean water. Limestone makes up about 10% of the total volume of all sedimentary rocks.