II. Find the subject in the following sentences. Translate them

1. History has a direction. There are setbacks, there are zigs and zags, there are stages of uneven development, there are moments of retrogression, but they take place within the overall framework of advancing from a lower social structure to a step up the ladder (лестница).

2. Commodities must meet certain needs or be useful in some way or other, or no one would buy them.

3. In some countries foreign trade is a state monopoly, and no private individual may engage in it in his own name and on his own account.

4. The economic sphere is a decisive one, for only by building a truly independent economy of its own a country can achieve genuine independence.

2. Word Building Exercises

III. Memorize the following:

Многие слова в английском языке являются составными, т.е. образуются путем соединения двух слов в одно слово. Некоторые составные слова пишутся слитно, а другие через черточку (дефис).

Примеры:

Составные существительные:

bedroom, railway, newspaper, schoolboy, spaceship, waterway, etc.

Составные прилагательные:

dark-blue (темно-синий), first-class (первоклассный),

peace-loving (миролюбивый), etc.

Составные местоимения:

somebody, nothing, everyone, anything, etc.

Составные глаголы:

to whitewash (белить), to broadcast (передавать по радио),

to pick up (поднимать), to ring up, to go on, etc.

Составные наречия:

somewhere (где-то), nowhere (нигде), everywhere (везде), etc.

IV. In the following sentences find the words formed by means of compounding:

1. World’s oil pipelines total 50,000 kilometres, 10,000 km longer than the earth’s equator.

2. Freight traffic by all means of transport (railway, marine, inland waterway, pipeline, etc.) has increased greatly as compared with previous years.

3. Whenever you read a book, newspaper or text in English, make a point of finding the phrasal verbs, and write down in a special notebook the whole sentence in which they appear.

4. However difficult the work is they will do it in time.

5. Don’t believe him whatever he may say.

6. He said that he was greatly impressed by the model of the spaceship which he had seen at the exhibition.

7. Those who believe that the struggle for peace is only the concern of governments and is organized by them are wrong. It is the concern of every honest person, of every peace-loving nation.

8. We agree with all those in different countries who also protest against the further build-up of nuclear weapons in Europe and throughout the world, and demand that they should be frozen and reduced without delay.

3. Vocabulary Exercises

V. Memorize the following words, word combinations and phrases:

abbreviation [ ,brivi’eiòn] n сокращение; аббревиатура