Replacement

Monorheme

1. Considerable market research investigations are being conducted to promote the export of the country's manufactured goods.

− Чтобы содействовать развитию экспорта промышленных товаров страны, проводят значительные исследования рынка.

This sentence is monorheme.

The rheme of the English sentence being its subject (Considerable market research investigations) has been transported from the initial position to the final one in the Russian sentence.

The theme of the English sentence being the object (to promote the export of the country's manufactured goods) has been transported into the initial position of the Russian sentence.

The word order has been changed into the indirect one.

Dirheme

2. The postwar years have seen decisive advances in the study of primates such as chimpanzees and in discovery of fossils of our ancestors.

− В послевоенные годы были достигнуты значительные успехи в изучение таких приматов, как шимпанзе, а также в обнаружении останков наших предков.

This sentence is dirheme.

The theme of the English sentence being its subject (The postwar years) has been translated into Russian as the adverbal modifier of time.

The rheme of the English sentence being its object (decisive advances) has been translated into Russian as the subject.

The word order is indirect.

Shift of predicate

3. He became the ally of a boy named Aubrey Mills.

− Он подружился с мальчиком по имени Обри Милз

In the process of translation of this sentence into Russian it has suffered shift of predicate.

The predicate of the English sentence being the predicate of state (became the ally) has been translated into Russian by means of the predicate of action (подружился ).

Grammatical transformations

4. Immediately there was a burst of applause from all parts of the audience. Never in my lifetime has applause done me the good that did.

− Внезапно со всех сторон раздались бурные аплодисменты, которые впервые за всю мою жизнь так порадовали меня.

In this sentence we can observe such grammatical transformations as:

Sentence integration (combining two sentences)

Replacement

– part of speech (noun “a burst” has been replaced with the adjective “бурные”);

– word forms (noun “applause” in singular has been replaced with the noun “аплодисменты” in plural);

– type of sentence (Two simple sentences have been replaced with the complex one)

Addition (pronoun “всю”, adverb “так”, pronoun “которые” have been added);

Omission (preposition “of”, definite articles “the”, noun “audience” have been omitted);

Transposition (The phrase “from all parts” has changed its place into the position after “immediately”).

The word order in the first part of the sentence is indirect, in the second one is direct.

http://www.ft.com/home/europe

http://www.guardian.co.uk/

http://www.nytimes.com/

http://www.independent.co.uk/

http://www.newsweek.com/

http://www.time.com/time/