General classification of the parts of speech

The notional parts of speech are:

(1) the noun

The noun is a word which expresses substance. The concept of substance includes names of living beings, lifeless things, names of abstract notions, qualities, states, actions (fight, sleep). Morphological characteristics: two numbers (Sg, Pl); two case forms: the common case and the genitive case; gender.

(2) the adjective

The adjective is a word expressing a quality of a substance. Morphological characteristics: degrees of comparison (the comparative degree and the superlative degree).

(3) the pronoun

The pronoun is a notional part of speech which points out objects and their qualities without naming them. Grammatical categories: person (1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd), gender, case (nominative~ називний and objective~ об’єктний (непрямий)), number.

Pronouns fall under the following groups:

he, she, it, we, you, they;

my, his, her, its, our, your, their; mine, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs;

(3) reflexive pronouns: myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourself (yourselves), themselves;

(4) reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another;

(5) demonstrative pronouns: this (these), that (those), such, (the) same;

(6) interrogative pronouns: who, whose, what, which;

(7) relative pronouns: who, whose, which, that, as;

(8) conjunctive pronouns: who, whose, which, what;

(9) defining pronouns: each, every, everybody, everyone, everything, all, either, both, other, another;

(10) indefinite pronouns: some, any, somebody, anybody, something, anything, someone, anyone, one;

(11) negative pronouns: no, none, neither, nobody, no one, nothing.

(4) the numeral

The numeral is a notional part of speech which indicates number of or the order of persons and things in a series. Numerals are divided into cardinal and ordinal.

(5) the verb

The verb is a notional part of speech which denotes an action. The verb has the following grammatical categories: person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood.

(6) the adverb

The adverb is a notional part of speech which expresses some circumstances that attend an action or state, or points out some characteristic features of an action or a quality. The most productive adverb-forming suffix is –ly: wisely, badly, quickly, hardly. Some adverbs have degrees of comparison: well – better – the best; much – more – most; little – less – least; badly – worse – worst; fast – faster – the fastest.

According to their meaning adverbs fall under several groups:

• adverbs of time (today, tomorrow, soon);
• adverbs of repetition or frequency (often, seldom, ever, never, sometimes);
• adverbs of place and direction (inside, outside, here, there, backward, upstairs);
• adverbs of cause and consequence (therefore, consequently, accordingly);
• adverbs of manner (kindly, quickly, hard);
• adverbs of degree, measure and quantity (very, enough, half, too, nearly, almost, much, little, hardly, rather, exceedingly, quite, once, twice, firstly, secondly);
• interrogative adverbs (where, when, why, how) are used in special questions.

(7) the words of the category of state (denote the temporary state or condition of people or things: asleep, afraid, awake, alone, alive);

(8) the modal words (express the attitude of the speaker to the reality, probability or possibility of the action he speaks about: certainly, surely, of course, no doubt ~ certainty; perhaps, maybe, possibly, probably ~ supposition; luckily, unluckily, fortunately, unfortunately ~ a desirable or undesirable action);

(9) the interjection (ah, oh, eh, well, bravo, alas)

The interjection is a notional part of speech which expresses various emotions without naming them.

The structural parts of speech either express relations between words or sentences or emphasize the meaning of words or sentences. They never perform any independent function in the sentence.