Typical non-defining relative clause with 'whose' as subject

Sally Smiles has resigned as director Her cosmetics company has been in the news a great deal recently Sally Smiles whose cosmetics company has been in the news a great deal recently has resigned as director

Relative pronoun object of relative clause: people

Who(m) and that can be used in place of noun objects that refer to people, or in place of object pronouns (me you him, etc) [> 4.3] When they refer to an object, they are usually omitted, but only in defining clauses When included, whom is commonly reduced to who in everyday speech We never use an object pronoun and a relative pronoun together to refer to the object Not *He is the man (that) I met him* Who(m) and that remain unchanged whether they refer to masculine, feminine, singular or plural

masculine He is the man who(m)/that I met on holiday

He is the man I met on holiday
feminine She is the woman who(m)/that I met on holiday

She is the woman I met on holiday plural masculine They are the men who(m)/that I met on holiday

They are the men I met on holiday plural feminine They are the women who(m)/that I met on holiday They are the women I met on holiday

Typical defining relative clause with ('who(m)/that') as object

When the reference is to a person or persons as the object of the verb we often use that Alternatively, we omit the relative pronoun to avoid the choice between who and whom

That energetic man works for the EEC We met him on holiday That energetic man (who(m)fthat) we met on holiday works for the EEC

Typical non-defining relative clause with 'who(m)' as object

Who(m) must be used in non-defining clauses that is not possible The author of 'Rebels' proved to be a well known journalist I met him at a party last week

The author of Rebels who(m) I met at a party last week proved to be a well known journalist

1 The sentence

Relative pronoun object of relative clause: things/animals

That and which, referring to things and animals, are interchangeable in the object position. However, both are commonly omitted, but only in defining clauses. We never use an object pronoun and a relative pronoun together to refer to the object: Not "This is the photo (which) I took it". That and which remain unchanged whether they refer to singular or plural:

singular: Thi s is the photo that/which I took

This is the photo I took

This is the cat that/which I photographed

This is the cat I photographed

plural: These are the photos that/which I took

These are the photos i took

These are the cats that/which I photographed

These are the cats I photographed