Extract B

When the core contains essentially just iron, it has nothing left to fuse. Fusion in the core ceases. In less than a second, the star begins the final phase of gravitational collapse. The core temperature rises to over 100 billion degrees as the iron atoms are crushed together. The repulsive force between the nuclei is overcome by the force of gravity. So the core compresses but then recoils. The energy of the recoil is transferred to the envelope of the star, which then explodes and produces a shock wave. The shock then propels that matter out into space. The material that is exploded away from the star is now known as a supernova remnant. Another type of supernova involves the sudden explosion of a white dwarf star in a binary star system. A white dwarf is the endpoint for stars of up to about 8 times that of the Sun. The remaining white dwarf has a mass less than 1.4 times the mass of the Sun, and is about the size of the Earth. In a binary star system, the companion star of the white dwarf is often a red giant. The stars may be close enough to each other and the red giant large enough, that material may flow from the red giant onto the white dwarf. This results in a thermonuclear detonation of the entire star.

19. In Russian write acontent-based summary of the text you have translated.

20. Translate into English the summary made in ex.19 of the text you haven’t read.

21. Make a reverse written translation (from Russian into English) of the extract you have translated.

22. Serve as simultaneous interpreter. Make an oral reverse interpretation of the text.

23. Prepare a paragraph discussing the following question: ‘Will a Nearby Supernova Endanger Life on Earth?’

24. Find more information about Supernova and tell your group mates.

UNIT VII

Language Work

Present Perfect Active (I have patented)

Affirmative

For example:

· Scientists and engineers have recently developed and introduced a whole range of important inventions.

· Look! A hole has appeared at point A.

Negative

For example:

· We haven’t received perfect results in these tests.

· The inventor hasn’t introduced his innovation yet.

Questions

For example:

· Has an electron freed itself yet?

Present Perfect Passive (measurements have been done)