Affirmative

I/we/you/they	had	replaced/obtained/meant
he/she/it

For example:

· The engineers of our laboratory had already designed a highly effective device when this idea stroke the others.

· After radiophysicists had spent up to 80 per cent of their time on all kinds of analyses and tests they came to a certain conclusion.

Negative

I/we/you/they	hadn’t	replaced/obtained/meant
he/she/it

For example:

· The dean said the experiment hadn’t been carried out by five o’clock.

· The professor noted the scientists hadn’t employed this method by 2005.

Questions

Had	I/we/you/they	replaced/obtained/meant?
he/she/it

For example:

· Had pharmacists patented these new medicines when I began my career?

· Had robot assistants replaced people in their routine work by 2000?

Past Perfect Passive (it had been measured)

Affirmative

they	had	been	researched/fixed/recorded
it

For example:

· Mike carried out some experiments only yesterday, though other results had been obtained last year.

Negative

they	hadn’t	been	researched/fixed/recorded
it

For example:

· Professor said no new software products had been shown at the latest technical exhibition.

Questions

Had	they	been	researched/fixed/recorded?
it

For example:

· Had laptop computers been used in our country earlier than they appeared in Japan?

Fill in the table.

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb	Translation	Transcription
	carry out			проводить (опыты)
compound				соединение
efficiency				коэффициент полезного действия	[I′fISqnsI]
feature				характерная черта
frequency				частота	[′frI:kwqnsI]
	manufacture				[‚mxnju′fxktSq]
means (c) / means of(fml)	mean
	press
oxide/ oxidation					[′oksaid] [‚oksI′deISqn]
surface					[′sq:fIs]