Generalization

This device is the reverse of concretization. Still there is a tendency in the English language for differentiation where the Russian language uses a more general word, e.g. "рука", hand and arm; "нога" leg and foot; "палец" fingers and toes.

In some cases, although there is an equivalent in the target language at the some level of abstraction, generalization may be desirable for purely stylistic reasons:

Since the shooting of Robert Kenney five days ago about 90 Americans have been shot dead. (The Guardian, 1968).

За те пять дней, которые прошли после убийства Роберта Кеннеди, около 90 американцев погибло от огнестрельного оружия.

Generalization is sometimes used in rendering non-equivalents (e.g. summary court - дисциплинарный суд; a summary court is not only a disciplinary court but the least formal one, consisting of one officer, etc.).

Antonymic Translation

Antonymic translation is a kind of grammatical and lexical transformation which substitutes an affirmative construction for a negative or vice versa with some accompanying lexical change, usually substituting the antonym for the original word.

Keep the child out of the sun - He держите ребёнка на солнце.:

"My precious wife", said I, "we must be serious sometimes". (Ch. Dickens), «Моя драгоценная жёнушка», - сказал я, - «Нельзя же вечно смеяться и шутить».

My aunt and I, when we were left alone, talked far into the night, how the emigrants never wrote home otherwise than cheerfully and hopefully. (Ibid.)

Оставшись вдвоём, мы с тётушкой до глубокой ночи говорили о том, что уехавшие всегда писали весёлые письма, полные надежд.

Metonvmic Translation

Metonymic translation is a lexical transformation based on the substitution of contiguous concepts.

On Capitol Hill residents have been assaulted on their porches - in their garages or while waiting for a bus, sometimes within full view of other citizens too frightened to move.

В районе Капитолия на жителей нападали у входа в дом, в их гаражах или на остановке автобуса, иногда на глазах у других граждан, слишком напуганных, чтобы хоть пальцем пошевелить.

London in July with the sun for once continually shining had become a mad place, stiffing, enclosed, dry. (I.Murdoch). В этом году Лондон под палящим июльским солнцем стал невыносимый - удушливый, пыльный, давящий. In all these examples adequate translation has been achieved by means of metonymic transformations.