U.S. District Courts

Almost all federal cases are initially heard in a district court. Each state has at least one district court; the larger states have more than one. The President appoints district court judges to life terms, as he does with the judges in the appellate courts and the justices on the Supreme Court. A case in a district court may be decided by a jury or solely by the appointed judge and can be appealed to the Court of Appeals for that circuit. In courts where the appointed judge makes the decision, his or her ruling, as with all federal judgeships, can have an enormous impact on the interpretation of federal law.

U.S. Courts of Appeal

The U.S. Courts of Appeal or appellate courts are organized into twelve circuits. Each circuit presides over cases from several states. For example, the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in Richmond hears cases from Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.

Usually, each case heard by a Court of Appeals is decided by a panel of three judges. The appellate court judges are appointed for life by the President, like the district courts and the Supreme Court. A final appeal can be made to the Supreme Court from the appellate courts. However, since the Supreme Court only hears a small number of cases, most decisions by the courts of appeal are final. Additionally, those decisions must be followed by all district courts in that circuit.

The U.S. Supreme Court

The Supreme Court hears appeals from the appellate courts and also from state supreme courts when the matter concerns a federal law or the Constitution. The justices of the Supreme Court choose cases based on the controversy of the issue and the need for a Supreme Court interpretation.

Significance of the Federal Court System

Since only a fraction of the cases heard in the district courts and appellate courts are ultimately heard in front of the Supreme Court, the lower court judges are the final arbiters of most judicial matters. While these decisions are not binding on courts outside of their jurisdiction, their opinions are considered persuasive and often set trends that other district courts and circuits follow.

Additionally, the Supreme Court will often make the final decision on a case to resolve differences between the different appellate courts and district courts to ensure that federal laws are interpreted consistently throughout the country.