Paraphrase using the Complex Subject

Model: T – It is believed that Chapman left England last week.

St – Chapman is believed to have left England last week.

1. They say Mrs. Turner is having business difficulties. 2. There are rumours that the escaped prisoner is living in Bolivia. 3. It was thought that the manuscript had been destroyed. 4. They say that the late Mrs. Lemon was difficult to deal with. 5. It is believed that the jewels were stolen by one of the visitors. 6. It is known that Victorian values were reflected in the 19^th century English novels. 7. It is recognized that extended families have almost disappeared in Great Britain. 8. It is believed that medical science has been rapidly advancing in the past decade.

Substantivised Adjectives

31. Paraphrase as in the model:

Model: T – Rich people are accused of being concerned only with

their own interests.

St – The rich are accused of being concerned only with

their own interests.

1. Educated and affluent people send their children to public schools such as Eton, and then to Oxford or Cambridge University. 2. Young people see less need to distinguish between manual work and other types of work. 3. British people are sometimes said to be moving towards a completely middle-class society. 4. The gap between rich and poor people in Britain is wider that in most other European countries. 5. Japanese people are known to have a complicated social hierarchy. 6. She has a highly developed social conscience, and does a lot of voluntary work to help those out of employment. 7. Swedish people pay heavy taxes thus providing for the most generous system of welfare in Europe. 8. The state should provide better care for elderly people.

Cross-cultural Notes:

1. African-American – a recent US name for black Americans descended from Africans, especially those descended from American slaves. In the 1990s, the name became more popular and politically correct than ‘black’. About 12% of the US population are African Americans.

2. meritocracy [LmerI'tOkrRsI] – a social system which gives the highest positions to those with the most ability.

3. school district (Amer.) – an area within one state that includes a number of primary and secondary schools which are governed together.

4. the American dream – the idea that the US offers opportunities for a good and successful life. For minorities and people coming from abroad to live in America, the dream also includes freedom and equal rights. Many immigrants to the US in the early 20^th century believed in the American dream.

5. chief executive officer – the person in charge of a large company.