Choose the correct tense form. 1. The judge usually to settle a dispute

1. The judge usually … to settle a dispute.

a) try b)tries c) is trying d) has tried

2. They … already their disagreement.

a) solve b) solved c) has solved d) have solved

3. A week ago our solicitor … all papers for buying a new house.

a) prepared b) has prepared c) had prepared d) would prepare

4. He … ask the solicitor’s advice because the matter was concerned with tax liability.

a) have to b) had to c) has to d) had

5. You … ask the solicitor’s advice. It’s a difficult matter.

a) can b) may c) must d) should

6. The … dispute was concerned with the contract infringement.

a) settle b) settled c) settling d) to settle

7. Next week the judge … the case on basis of precedent.

a) will try b) would try c) shall try d) should try

8. Statutes … usually by Parliament.

a) passed b) are passed c) were passed d) pass

9. English law … on the common law tradition.

a) based b) are based c) is based d) has based

10. Attorneys … be used not only to resolve problems, but also to prevent them.

a) can b) may c) have to d) ought to

11. Common law codes … not be confused with Civil Law codes.

a) can b) may c) should d) have to

12. Continental systems … as codified or Civil Law legal systems.

a) are known b) are knew c) know d) have known

13. The precedents formed by … cases are, thus, the ‘anchors of the laws’.

a) deciding b) decide c) decided d) to decide

14. Laws … either be written or unwritten.

a) must b) can c) could d) may

15. It is obvious to most people that dangerous driving … be punished.

a) must b) need c) should d) have to

Complete the gaps with the correct preposition.

1. Relations between people are usually regulated _____ prescriptive laws.

2. The ways ___ which people talk, eat and drink, work, and relax together are usually guided by many such informal rules.

3. Government-made laws are nevertheless often patterned upon informal rules ___conduct already existing in society.

4. This reliance ___ precedent has been both the hallmark and the strength of the common law.

5. On the Continent the volume of written law tends to preponderate _____ the volume of unwritten.

Choose the correct answer.

 

1) Mary: 1) _____, Joe. It’s nice to 2) _____ you again. This time I’d 3) _______ to ask you a few questions about sources of law in England.

Joe: 4) ________, it’s a complex aspect. Do you know there are written and unwritten laws in

Great Britain. What kind 5) _______ you like to focus on?

 

2) Pr: Students, 1) ______ you explain me, what motives do governments have in making and enforcing laws?

St: 2) ______ I answer?

Pr: Of 3)_________.

St: 4) ________ of all, it’s social control. Without laws there would be anarchy in society.

Pr: That’s 5) _____. Who adds the answer?

3) A: 1)__________ me! 2) _____ you help me?

B: All 3) _______. What’s the 4) ________?

A: The robber has just stolen my bag!

B: Oh, I’m 5) ________. Let’s ask to the police officer.

 

4) L: Oh, Jane, do you know any experienced solicitor?

J: 1) ________. But 2) ______ you tell me what the problem is?

L: 3)______. I need some legal advice for buying a new house.

J: So, you’d better to ask Mr. Watson.

L: If you don’t mind, 4) ________ to know why you recommend me to ask to him?

J: Oh, don’t 5) _______. He is a good expert in such kind of matters. Good luck!

Вариант 5

 

Translate the text into Russian in writing.

Common Law

Each country in the world has its own system of law. However, it is generally true to say that there are two main traditions of law in the world. One is based on English common law, and has been adopted by most of the United States. The other tradition, sometimes known as continental, or Roman law, civil or civilian law, has developed in most of continental Europe, Latin America and many countries in Asia and Africa which have been strongly influenced by Europe.

Common law, or case law systems, particularly that of England, differ from continental law in having developed gradually throughout history, not as a result of government attempts to define or codify every legal relation. Customs and court rulings have been as important as statutes. Judges do not merely apply the law, in some cases they make law, since their interpretations may become precedents for other courts to follow.

Before William of Normandy invaded England in 1066, law was administered by a series of local courts and no law was common to the whole kingdom. The Norman kings sent travelling judges around the country and a “common law” developed, under the authority of three common law courts in London. Judges dealt with both criminal cases and civil disputes between individuals. Although local and ancient customs played their part, uniform application of the law throughout the country was promoted by the gradual development of the doctrine of precedent.

By this principle, judges attempted to apply existing customs and laws to each new case, rather than looking to the government to write new laws. If the essential elements of a case were the same as those of previous recorded cases, the judge was bound to reach the same decision regarding guilt or innocence. If no precedent could be found, then the judge made a decision based upon existing legal principles, and his decision would become a precedent for other courts to follow when a similar case arose. The doctrine of precedent is still a central feature of modern common law systems.