Результатом каких языковых и социальных процессов являются ЛДП?

Sympathy

 

· a. A relationship or an affinity between people or things in which whatever affects one correspondingly affects the other, b. Mutual understanding or affection arising from this relationship or affinity.

· a. The act or power of sharing the feelings of another, b. Often sympathies. A feeling or an expression of pity or sorrow for the distress of another; compassion or commiseration..

· Harmonious agreement; accord: He is in sympathy with their beliefs.

· A feeling of loyalty; allegiance. Often used in the plural: His sympathies lie with his fam ily.

Constitution

· The act or process of composing, setting up, or establishing.

· The composition or structure of something; makeup, b. The physical makeup of a person: She was born with a strong constitution.

• . The system of fundamental laws and principles that prescribes the nature, functions, and limits of a government or another institution, b. The document on which such a system is recorded.

 

3. Автор статьи Multilingualism and the Interpretation of Languages in Contact Джон Трим (John Trim) рассматривает структурные и семантические преобразования, которые претерпевают заимствования в языке-приемнике. Прочитайте отрывок из статьи и покажите сходные явления при замствовании лексики в русский язык.

In: Crossing Barriers and Bridging Cultures: The Challenges of Multilingual Translation for the European Union (ed. By A. Tosi) 2003

 

In French, shopping and parking are places, not actions. In English, cul-de-sac is usedwhere the French say impasse, a word used in English to speak of a moment

in a negotiation when neither side will compromise to reach a solution. In

the course of time, the meanings of cognate words in different languages

diverge. Thus in English, realise has largely lost its meaning ‘to convert into

reality’ and is mainly used in the sense of ‘to become aware of the true situation’.

Model is no longer something of excellence to be copied, but rather a

schema which can be used by others as a basis for their independent reflection

and manipulation (‘there are a number of models of grammar for

teachers to draw on’) or even a particular type of product (‘Chrysler have

brought out a new model’). The meaning of these words is thus different

from rйaliser and modиle in French, or realisieren and Modell in German. Similarly

sympathetic is not equivalent to sympa(thique) or sympathisch. Such

mismatches are well known as faux amis. Of course, false friends can only deceive if they resemble the great mass of true friends! Most often the

cognate is usable and under pressure of time simultaneous interpreters

may come to use cognates without reflection and so may translators if there

is a mass of material to process to an imminent deadline. This applies not

only to individual words but also to idioms and even grammatical constructions.

There is a great temptation to follow them word for word unless

the result is clearly ridiculous. If this practice is carried out over a long

period, expressions which at first seem strange may come to be accepted as

normal – especially if the language of origin has a high prestige. This was

long the case with Latin, which has left its imprint not only on the Romance

languages, but also on the syntax of Germanic languages and their received

stock of formulaic expressions. From the 17th century to the 19th, French

played something of the same role. In the EU at present English and French,

as the principal drafting languages, exert a similar pressure on others, especially

perhaps those of less populous Member States. Furthermore, the

increasingly dominant role of English in many aspects of international and

even national life is producing an even heavier pressure upon all other languages.

As we have seen, the process of interpenetration among languages

and cultures in contact, mediated by plurilinguals, is by no means new. The

question arises as to whether this process is an inevitable development,

changing but enriching rather than impoverishing the languages concerned

or whether it is a threat to their linguistic and cultural integration.

 

3. Обсудите цитату, приведенную ниже, и уточните, какие языки являлись раньше и какие являются теперь источниками ЛДП. Меняется ли ситуация с течением времени? Как? Почему?

 

 

Of course, false friends can only deceive if they resemble the great mass of true friends! Most often the cognate is usable and under pressure of time simultaneous interpreters may come to use cognates without reflection […]This applies not only to individual words but also to idioms and even grammatical constructions.

There is a great temptation to follow them word for word unless

the result is clearly ridiculous. If this practice is carried out over a long

period, expressions which at first seem strange may come to be accepted as

normal – especially if the language of origin has a high prestige.

 

(In: Crossing Barriers and Bridging Cultures: The Challenges of Multilingual Translation for the European Union (ed. By A. Tosi) 2003

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Результатом каких языковых и социальных процессов являются ЛДП?