2017-10-25
4061
Vocabulary
| mud pump (n) mud pits (n) discharge line (n) stand pipe (n) Kelley hose (n) derrick (n) to exist (v) annulus (n shale shaker (n) stand pipe (n) | грязевой насос приёмные чаны, амбары для хранения бурового раствора выкидная линия, напорный трубопровод стояк, вертикальная труба гибкий шланг вышка выходить затрубное пространство вибрационное сито стояк |
Words to revise
Equipment, consist of, mud, flexible, wall, drill string, return, vibrate, device, reinforce, derrick.
l. Read and translate the text
Circulating equipment
The equipment in circulating system consists of a large number of items. The mud pump takes in mud from the mud pits and sends it out a discharge line to a standpipe. The standpipe is a steel pipe mounted vertically on one leg of the mast or the derrick.
The mud is pumped up the standpipe and into a flexible, very strong, reinforced rubber hose called rotary hose, or Kelley hose, The rotary hose is connected to the swivel. The mud enters the swivel, goes down the Kelley, drill pipe and drill collars and exits at the bit. It then does a sharp V-turn and heads it back up the hole in the annulus. The annulus is the space between the outside of the-drill string and wall of the hole.
Finally, the mud leaves the hole through a steel pipe called a mud return line and falls over a vibrating device called the shale shaker. The circulating system is a closed system. The mud is circulated through the drilling of the well.
2. Make up sentences of the following words
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to consist of, to take in, to send out, to mount on, to pump up, to go down.
3. Translate into English
оборудование, состоять, грязевой насос, вертикальная труба, буровая вышка, гибкий, вертлюг, затрубное пространство, острый, внешний, падать, устройство.
4. Answer the questions
1. What does the equipment in circulating system consist of?
2. Where does the mud pump take in mud from?
3. What is a standpipe?
4. Is the rotary hose connected to the swivel?
5. Describe, please, the moving of the mud.
6. Where is the end of the mud traveling?
7. The circulating system is a closed one, isn't it?
Explain in English the functions of the following things
| a) a mud pump b) a stand pipe c) a derrick | d) a rotary hose e) a drill string f) a shale shaker |
6. Translate without a dictionary
Mud pump is a large reciprocating pump used to circulate the mud on a drilling rig. A typical mud pump is a single or double – acting, two or three cylinder piston pump also called a slush pump.
A standpipe is a vertical pipe rising along the side of the derrick or mast, which joins the discharge line leading from the mud pump to the rotary hose and through which mud is pumped going into the hole.
Unit 6
Drilling Fluids
Vocabulary
| to remove (v) to transport (v) to suspend (v) to cool (v) to exert pressure (v) to maintain (v) advantage (n) environment (n) to consider (v) initial (n) contaminant (n) damage (n) to overcome (v) stick (n) permafrost (n) | удалять, выносить выносит (зд.) подвешивать охлаждать оказывать давление поддерживать, сохранять преимущество окружающая среда считать, принимать во внимание первоначальный загрязняющее вещество разрушение преодолевать прихватывать вечная мерзлота |
1. Translate the following word combinations
water - base mud; oil - base mud; circulation system; cutting surface; hydrostatic pressure; mud system; better penetration rate; contamination resistance; formation damage; formation stability.
2. TransIate and remember the following words
property, viscosity, hardness, density, stability, length, side, shape, various, phase, fluid, limitation
3. Read and translate the text
Drilling Fluids
A key gradient of deep drilling is the drilling fluid circulation system. The primary function of the drilling fluid and its circulation system are:
1. To remove rock cuttings from the bottom of the hole, so that the bit can drill.
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2. To transport the cuttings to the surface where they can be removed from the drilling fluid.
3. To suspend the cuttings in the hole whenever mud circulation is stopped.
4. To cool and lubricate the bit and clean its cutting surface.
5. To exert sufficient hydrostatic pressure to exclude formation fluids from the hole.
There are two basic types of mud systems: oil-base and water-base systems. Each system has advantages and disadvantages. Major advantages of a water base-mud are: 1) cleaner than oil mud; 2) generally obtain better penetration rate; 3) usually, less pressure to circulate. The major advantages of an oil-base system are: 1) temperature stability; 2) contamination resistance; 3) protection of tubular goods and 4) formation stability.
Several factors should be considered when choosing a mud system for deep drilling. A water-base system is generally the first choice, primarily because of lower initial costs and fewer environmental problems. However there are limitations to the water-base system. Water-base mud systems are usually limited to temperatures less than 400°F.
Oil mud may cost more initially, but usually have a lower daily cost. The total mud cost may be approximated by the same way for a liter of water-base system depending upon the length of time the mud system is in use and the down hole conditions such as, contaminants, H2S, CO2 and temperature.
Principle applications for oil muds are:
1. to prevent damage to productive formation by the drilling fluid;
2. to drill troublesome shales;
3. to overcome wallsticking of drillpipe;
4. to drill under extreme temperature conditions, high temperatures in very deep holes, and low temperatures in permafrost and cold climates;
5. to drill formations containing corrosive fluids such as hydrogen sulfide.
The effectiveness with which a drilling mud performs its necessary functions depends on its composition and on various physical, chemical and electrical properties. It's principel phase can be water, oil or gas.
4. Find English equivalents in the text
А менее 400°F, суточная стоимость, глубокое бурение, капитальные затраты, неустойчивые сланцы, избежать прихвата бурильной трубы, высо- кие температуры, в основном (главным образом) из-за..., основные преимущества, основные недостатки, в зависимости от....
5. Answer the questions
1. What is a key gradient of deep drilling?
2. What are the main functions of drilling fluids?
3. What do you know about drilling fluid types?
4. What are the major advantages of water-base systems?
5. What can you say about oil-base muds and their principle application?
6. What do the properties of mud depend on?
Unit 7
Hoisting System
Vocabulary
| a rig (n) a hoisting system (n) a drawworks (n) a derrick (n) a crown block (n) a traveling block (n) a drum (n) machinery (n) a catshaft (n) a cathead (n) to mount (v) a clutch (n) chain-and-gear drive (n) to withstand (v) brake (n) | буровая установка система подъёма инструмента лебёдка буровая вышка кронблок талевый блок барабан машинное оборудование катушечный или промежуточный вал безопасная катушка, шпилевая катушка, катушка для затягивавния инструментов и труб в вышку устанавливать муфта сцепления, фрикционная муфта цепная передача выдерживать тормоз |
1. Words to revise
1. mast, system, piece, speed, change, brake, rope, capacity, load;
2. to have, to make, to consist, to contain, to stop, to prevent, to carry, to vary;
3. mechanical, diesel, heavy, main, strong, possible, vertical;
4. regardless, basically, sometimes, as, usually, also.
2. Read and translate the text
Regardless of whether rig is mechanical or diesel-electric, it must have a hoisting system. Basically, the hoisting system is made up of the drawworks (sometimes called the hoist), a mast or a derrick, the crown block, the traveling block and wire rope.
The drawworks is a big heavy piece of machinery. It consists of a revolving drum. It also has a catshaft on which the catheads are mounted. It also has several shafts, clutches, and chain-and-gear drives for speed and direction changes. It also contains a main brake, which can stop and prevent the drum from turning.
A drilling line is made up of wire rope from 28 to 38 millimeters diameter, and masts and derricks have to be as strong as possible. Manufacturers of derricks and masts usually rate their products in terms of vertical load they can carry and wind load they can withstand from the side. Derricks or mast capacities for vertical loads vary from 100 up to 700 tones and can withstand a wind load of 160 to 210 kilometers per hour.
3. Translate the following sentences and explain the difference in
translation the verbs
1. It must have a hoisting system.
2. 1t also has a catshaft.
3. Derricks have to be as strong as possible.
4. Translate into Russian
1. It consists of a revolv ing drum.
2. 1t also contains a main brake, which can stop and prevent the drum from turn ing.
3. A drill ing line is made up of a wire rope.
5. Answer the questions
1. What is the hoisting system made up of?
2. The draw works is a big, heavy piece of machinery, isn't it?
3. What components does it consist of?
4. 1s a drilling line made up of a wire rope?
5. What can you say about masts and derricks?
6. 1n what terms do manufacturers rate their products?
7. What is chain-and-gear drive necessary for?
6. Translate into Russian
Drum is (1) a cylinder around which wire rope is wound in the drawworks. The drawworks drum is that part of the hoist upon which the drilling line is wound and (2) a steel container of general cylindrical form. Refined products are shipped in steel drums with capacities of about 50 to 55 U.S. gallons (about 200 litres).
Electrodynamic brake is a device mounted on the end of the drawworks shaft of a drilling rig. The electrodynamic brake (sometimes called a magnetic brake) serves as an auxiliary to the mechanical brake when pipe is lowered into a well. The braking effect on an electrodynamic brake is achieved by means of the interaction of electric currents with magnets with other currents or with themselves.
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Unit 8
Bits
Vocabulary
| to bore (v) to permit (v) passage (n) to join (v) bottom end (n) to attach (v) roller-cone bit (n) to manufacture (v) to insert (v) jet bit (n) to sweep (swept, swept) (v) instead (adv) to embed (v) formation (n) nozzle (n) diamond bit (n) | бурить позволять проход, прохождение соединять нижний конец присоединять долото шарошечное долото производить вставлять гидромониторное долото поглощать наоборот, напротив помещать пласт насадка алмазное долото |
1. Read the words and translate them into Russian
to circulate, bit, end, fluid, column, to cut, hard, rock, formation, cuttings, to use, to utilize, to consist of, to improve
2. Say in English
долото, алмазное долото, шарошечное долото, гидромониторное долото, состоять, присоединять, улучшать, позволять, насадка, поток, проход жидкости, твердый пласт, мягкий пласт.
3. Read and translate the text
Bits
A bit is a cutting or boring element used in drilling of oil and gas wells. The bit consists of the cutting element and the circulating element. The circulating element permits the passage of drilling fluid and utilizes the hydraulic force of the fluid stream to improve drilling rates. In rotary drilling several drill collars are joined to the bottom end of the drill-pipe column. The bit is attached to the end of the drill collar. Most bits used in rotary drilling are roller-cone bits. Most roller-cone bits have three cones although some have two and some have four.
Bit manufacturers either cut teeth out of the cones or insert very hard tungsten carbide buttons into thecones.
Jet bits have nozzles that direct a high-velocity stream or jet of drilling fluid to the sides and bottomof each cone, so that rock cuttings are swept out of the way as bit drills.
Diamond bits do not have cones; nor do they have teeth. Instead, several diamonds are embedded into the bottom and sides of the bit.
Since diamonds are so hard, diamond bits are sometimes used to efficiently drill rock formations that are quite hard. They are also used to drill soft formations effectively.
4. Find the equivalents in the text
инструмент, используемый в…, скорость бурения, несколько утяжеляющих буровых труб, конец УБТ, хотя, изготовители долот, вырезать из... или вставлять, большинство шарошечных долот...; которые направляют струю большой скорости; по мере движения долота; шлам; чтобы успешно бурить твердую породу.
5. Read the textonce more and answer the questions
- What is a bit?
- What is it used for?
- What elements does it consist of?
- The circulating element permits the passage of drilling fluid doesn't it?
- What is hydraulic force used for?
- 1s the bit attached to theupper part or the end of the drill collar?
- What bits are used in rotary drilling?
- How many cones do most roller-cone bits have?
- Do diamond bits have any cones?
- Do they have any teeth?
- What are the advantages of diamond bits?
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6. Ask your group mates
- Что ты знаешь о долоте?
- Какие долота используются в роторном бурении?
- Eсть ли шарошки или зубья в алмазных долотах?
- Что ты знаешь о работе гидромониторных долот?
- Где наиболее эффективно используются алмазные долота?
7. Make up sentences, using the verbs in the Passive Voice
- to the end, the bit, to attach, of the drill collar;
- to join, several, to the bottom end, in rotary drilling, of the drill pipe column, drill collars;
- to sweep out of the way, rock cuttings, as, bit, drills;
- to embed, diamonds, several, into, of the bit, the bottom, the sides;
- to drill, effectively, to use, diamond bits, formation
8. Translate in a written form
Temperature is the Key
BITS — Significant development in rock bit's have been made in the past several уears. Not many years ago a rock bit would last only 6 to 12 hours before both the teeth and bearings wore out. Now rock bits last for two to three days on normal depth wells.
Diamond bits are quite often used In deep drilling when formation conditions allow. Higher temperatures also shorten diamond bit life, but not as dramatically as with rock bits. Some significant improvements in drag-type, synthetic diamond bits have been made recently, particularly in bits for drilling chalk formation using oil-base mud. Penetration rates of 10 to 15 ft per hour are common as com pared to 3 to 7 ft per hour a few years ago.
Higher operating temperatures should not appreciably affect the steel in rock bits or diamond bits at temperatures below 800°F. Special alloys will be required when operating temperatures exceed approximately 800°F.
Unit 9
Power System
Vocabulary
| engine (n) power (n) internal combustion engine (n) to be similar to (v) gasoline (n) to furnish (v) liquified gas (n) thus | двигатель энергия двигатель внутреннего сгорания быть похожим бензин получать, образовать, создать сжиженный газ таким образом |
1. Translate the following groups of words
power - powerful - powerless, nature - natural - naturally: to drive - driver; to locate - location; to equip - equipment; advantage -disadvantage; to reduce -reduction; to generate - generator; liquid - liquified.
2. Find the synonyms
to be similar to, to furnish, to involve, big, to drill, to be like, to include, common, large, to bore, well known, to produce.
3. Read and translate the text
Power System
Practically every rig uses internal combustion engine as its prime power source or its prime mover. A rig engine similar to the one in a car except that rig engines are bigger, more powerful, and do not usegasoline as a fuel.
Also rigs require more than one engine to furnish the needed power. Most rig engines today are diesel although some are still around that bum natural or liquified gas as a fuel.
A rig, depending on its size and how deep a hole it must drill may have from 2 to 4 engines. Naturally, the bigger the rig, the deeper it can drill and the more power it will need. Thus, the big rigs have three or four engines, all of them together developing up to 2200 or more kilowatts. Two common methods are used to transfer the power: electrical and mechanical.
Up until few years ago, most rigs were mechanical. Nowadays diesel-electric rigs dominate, but there are many mechanical rigs are still around.
Diesel-electric power is the dominant method used to drive most of today's rigs.
Diesel engines are usually located at ground level some distance away from the rig floor, drive large electric generators. The generators produce electricity that is sent through cables to the equipment involved - draw works, mud pumps and the rotary.
The diesel-electric system has a number of advantages over mechanical system. One of them is that the engines can be placed well away from the rig floor so that engine noise for the crew be reduced.
4. Find the equivalents in the text
ряд преимуществ; передается по проводам; оборудование включающее; на расстоянии от...; площадка; в зависимости от размера; естественно; чем больше установка, тем больше она требует энергии; двигатель внутреннего сгорания.
5. Answer the questions
1.What kind of engine does every rig use?
2.How many engines may a rig have?
3.How much energy do they produce?
4.What are the two main methods used to transfer power?
5. What is the main advantage of a diesel-electric system?
6. Is it important for the crew?
6. Translate into English
To reduce, to place, to require, to use, to burn, to transfer, to transmit, to develop, to dominate, to locate, to generate
7. Translate into English
- На каждой буровой установке есть двигатель внутреннего сгорания.
- Бензин в них в качестве топлива не используется.
- Двигателей может быть несколько.
- Есть двигатели, где используют природный или сжиженный газ в
качестве топлива.
- Чем больше установка, там больше она потребляет энергии и глубже
бурит.
- Существует два способа передачи энергии: электрический и механический.
- Наряду с дизель-электрическими установками существуют и механические.
- Генераторы дают электричество, которое по проводам поступает на
оборудование (лебедки, насосы и ротор).
Unit 10
Derrick
Vocabulary
| a derrick (n) boiler (n) machinery (n) accessory (n) hoist (v) to shelter (v) to employ (v) to deal with (v) pulley (n) height (n) to determine (v) commonly (adv) actually (adv) to range (v) concrete (n) | буровая вышка котёл машинное оборудование вспомогательный инструмент поднимать укрывать применять иметь дело блок высота определять обычно действительно изменяться бетон |
1. Read and translate the text
Derrick
The drilling equipment consists essentially of a derrick, boiler, engine and power plant, and necessary actuating machinery, tools and accessories.
The derrick is the tall, towerlike skeleton structure commonly found in every oil-field, Its principal purposes are to support the drilling equipment, suspend, hoist and lower the drilling and other tools and accessories, and to shelter the workers.
These derricks vary in size according to the system of drilling employed, the geological conditions to be dealt with and the size and depth of the well to be drilled.
The standard derrick most commonly used has been 84 feet high, while other heights range from 64-180 feet; the highest and heaviest derricks being used in connection with rotary drilling. This height is determined from concrete foundation at the base of the derrick up to the crown block carrying the heavy-crown pulley at the top of the derrick.
Within recent years, steel derricks have come into general use in the oil fields, especially in connection with the rotary drilling of very deep wells which require heavy derricks and equipment. In many fields, the steel derrick has actually displaced the wooden one.
2. Answer the question
- What does the drilling equipment consist of?
- What is a derrick?
- What are the main purposes of the derrick?
- What does the size of a derrick depend on?
- What method of drilling needs the highest and heaviest derricks?
- What kinds of derricks are used nowadays?
- Do they use wooden derricks in rotary drilling?
3. Use the verbs in the sentences of your own
to consist of, to find, to support, to suspend, to hoist, to lower, to vary, to use, to determine
4. Describe, please, a derrick, using the words to be remembered
UNIT 11
Directional Drilling
Vocabulary
| to deflect (v) to direct (v) to erect (v) to kick off (v) to involve (v) downhole tools (n) to accomplish (v) to thread (v) to bend (v) downhole motor (n) blades (n) to shape (v) to space (v) to turn (v) assembly (n) to trip (v) to reach (v) to orient (v) sub (n) angle (n) to check (v) to maintain (v) to attach (v) | отклонять направлять возводить (строить) отклоняться включать забойное оборудование завершать нарезать резьбу наклонять забойный двигатель лопасти турбины придавать форму размещать поворачивать узел, агрегат поднимать и опускать достигать направлять, регулировать переходник угол проверять поддерживать (сохранять) присоединять |
1. Read and translate the words
to increase, to rotate, to orient, tool, drill string, to cause, instead, mud, to start, point, single, technique, to move, well, straight, offshore, example, crew.
2. Read and translate the text
Directional Drilling
Usually the crew tries to drill the hole as straight as possible. However, at times it's desirable to deflect the hole from vertical and drill it on a slant. Perhaps the most dramatic example of slant, or directional, drilling is on offshore drilling platforms. There a platform is erected over the drilling site, and several wells are drilled from this single platform without having to move it. The technique.used is directional drilling.
Only the hole drilled into the reservoir may be vertical; every subsequent well may be drilled vertically to a certain depth, then kicked off (deflected) directionally so that the bottom of the hole ends up perhaps hundreds of meters away from its starting point on the surface. By using directional drilling, as many as twenty or more wells may be drilled into the reservoir from one platform.
Directional drilling involves the use of some other interesting downhole tools and techniques. For example, some means of kicking the hole off vertical must be used. This might be accomplished with a bent sub and a downhole motor. A sub is a special device that is threaded so that it can be attached to or made up in the drill string. A bent sub is simply a short piece of pipe, threaded on both ends, that has a bent in the middle. The bent has an angle of from one to three degrees. A downhole motor is a tool shaped like a piece of pie that has turbine blades (a turbine is like a series of electric fan blades spaced on top of each other о a shaft), or it can be a multicurved steel shaft that turns inside an elliptically shaped opening in a housing. In practice, the bit is made up in the bottom of the downhole motor and the bent sub on the top. This assembly is tripped into the hole as usual.
When tool reaches bottom, it must be oriented (pointed in the direction necessary to get to the hole to go in the desired direction). Once the tool is oriented, drilling begins. However, the drill string is not rotated. Instead, drilling mud flowing through the directional motor causes the turbine blades to turn, or the multicurved shaft to turn, which causes the bit to rotate. Because of the bent sub, the hole starts off at an angle, a relatively small angle (1 to 3 degrees) at first, but the angle is increased as drilling progresses - up to almost 90 degrees from vertical if necessary. Periodically, the hole is surveyed; that is using the compass or electronic readout device, its direction and angle of deflection are checked. The angle and direction of the hole are carefully maintained until total depth is reached and the pay zone is penetrated.
3. Find Russian equivalents
платформу возводят; несколько скважин; технология, используемая в…; может быть пробурена в пласт; направленное бурение предполагает использование cтальной вал; как обычно; следует направлять; заставляет вращаться долото; угол и направление скважины.
4. Answer the questions
1. Does the drilling crew try to drill only straight well?
2. Where is directional or slant drilling mostly used?
3. How many holes drilled into the reservoir may be vertical?
4. How many wells may be drilled by using directional drilling?
5. What is a sub?
6. What can you say about the angle of the bent?
7. What does the downhole motor look like?
8. When must the tool be oriented?
9. What is the first degree of the angle?
10. When is the angle of 90 degree reached?
5. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions
1. The angle and direction … the hole are carefully maintained.
2. … using directional drilling as many … twenty more wells may be drilled … the reservoir … one.
3. The platform is elected … drilling site.
4. Several wells are drilled … one platform.
5. Hundreds meters away … the well.
6. This might be accomplished … a bent sub.
7. It can be attached … or made up … the drill string.
6. Speak about directional drilling using the following words
to try, however, to deflect, to drill, slant, offshore drilling, several wells, vertically, certain depth, hundreds of meters, angle, degree, drill string, downhole motor, to orient, to cause, to increase, to survey, to check, to reach
UNIT 12
Turbo Drill
Vocabulary
| to position(v) multy – stage turbine(n) to call for(v) nozzle(n) r.p.m. penetration(n) round trip(n) cheap(adj) | устанавливать многоступенчатая турбина требовать насадка обороты в минуту проходка СПО (спуско-подъемнаяоперация) дешёвый |
1. Read and translate the following words
rotary table, pumping, to rotate, to improve, performance, weight, advantage, to increase, to reduce, overall cost, expect, to replace, section, condition
2. Read and translate the text
Turbo Drill
This is an application of rotatory drilling whereby the drilling bit, instead of being rotated by the drill string through the rotary table, is rotated by a multy -stage turbine positioned just above the bit at the bottom of the string. The power required to rotate the turbine is provided by the drilling fluid in circulation - this naturally calls for greater pumping effort as motivating the turbine is additional to supplying the same hydraulic horse power at the nozzles in the bit. The conspicuous difference from normal difference in the turbo - drill procedure is that the drill pipe is either not rotated at all or is rotated very slowly. Under certain conditions some 30 r.p.m. at the table improves the overall performance.
The reaction to the rotation (thrust) is absorbed by the weight on the bit and the turbine speed is controlled by varying either, or both, their weight and the pumping pressure. There is no advantage gained in using the turbo - drill in soft formations but penetration is considerably improved in the harder rocks: the turbine rotates much faster than the normal drill string - at rates from 500 to 700 r.p.m. and penetration in hard formations is correspondingly increased. When used in conjunction with normal rock bits turbo - drilling surprisingly does not produce any reduction in overall cost as although the bit drills quicker, it becomes worn out before it has drilled the footage normally expected in tri - cone drilling. The bit therefore has to be pulled out and replaced more frequently than usual, and as mentioned in the last section, when drilling deep holes which entail long periods for round trips, the overall rig time is generally longer and the cost higher, apart from the hire charges of the turbine itself. With special bits, however, and under special conditions, the turbine is cheaper, e.g. when using a diamond bit in hard formation in a deep well (over 8.000 feet) when increases can be effected both in penetration rate and in the drilling life of the bit.
3. Answer the following questions
1. When is turbo drill used?
2. What is the main principle of operation?
3. What is the power required to rotate the turbine provided by?
4. What is necessary to control during drilling?
5. What formations are preferably drilled by turbodrills?
6. Why is the bit pulled out and replaced more frequently than usual?
7. When is the application of turbodrill cheaper?
4. Translate into English
1. В роторном бурении долото вращается многоступенчатой турбиной.
2. Турбина находится непосредственно над долотом.
3. В процессе бурения бурильная труба либо не вращается вообще, либо вращается очень медленно.
4. Проходка улучшается при бурении более твёрдых пород.
5. Турбина вращается гораздо быстрее, чем обычная буровая колонна.
6. Долото извлекают и заменяют гораздо чаще.
UNIT 13
Formation Damage
Vocabulary
| faulting (n) stimulation formation (n) skin damage (n) to alter (v) to prevent(v) to kill the well(v) workover (n) to conduct(v) to indicate (v) depletion (n) to occur(v) pipe dope (n) to add(v) to eliminate(v) icidizing technique (n) to affect (v) tension (n) wettability (n) to create (v) to permit(v) surfactant (n) | сброс воздействие на пласт поверхностное повреждение изменять предотвращать заглушить скважину капитальный ремонт проводить указывать истощение происходить смазка труб добавлять исключить, избежать кислотная обработка влиять на натяжение смачиваемость создавать позволять ПАВ (поверхостно активное вещество) |
1. Read and translate the text
Formation Damage
The major reason for stimulating a well is to improve the flow of formation fluids into the well bore. In some homogeneous reservoirs having a high permeability and fluids of low viscosity, there may never be a need to stimulate a well. In other reservoirs having lower permeability and fluids with higher viscosity, well stimulation is usually required to improve the flow of produced fluids. Regardless of the type of reservoir, all may experience formation or "skin" damage during drilling or producing process. Formation damage is the restricting of fluid flow as a result of an altering of the natural permeability in the immediate vicinity of the wellbore. The concept of formation damage and its prevention is discussed below. All reservoirs have an original or natural condition of permeability as a result of subsequent faulting, etc. Regardless, the natural permeability around a well bore is continually altered by drilling, well completion, well killing, work over and well stimulation operations conducted during the producing life of the well.
Any alteration of the natural permeability that restricts the flow of formation fluids near the well bore is called formation or "skin" damage. As indicated, formation damage restricts the flow of fluids into the well bore, reducing current production, as well as restricting or preventing the effective depletion of the reservoir.
Formation damage can occur: 1) along the sand face 2) along the interface of a natural channel or perforation, and 3) within the formation itself.
The major causes are; 1) contact with a foreign fluid, such as drilling, completion, workover or stimulation fluids, and 2) plugging by solids, such as fluid additives, paraffin, welbore debris and even such things as excessively applied pipe dope.
During the drilling of a well, and then later while producing it, the major objective is to minimize, reduce, or eliminate any damage to the formation. When formation damage does occur, surfactant stimulation and acidizing techniques are used to restore fluid flow into the wellbore.
Surfactants
Surfactants or surface-acting agents are chemicals that can positively or negatively affect the flow of fluids near a wellbore by altering the interfacial tension between liquids, a liquid and gas and between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may be used to prevent and in some cases repair formation damage during all phases of well operations; drilling, well completion, well killing, workover, and well stimulation, as they can:
Reduce or lower interfacial tension.
Favorably change the wettability of a reservoir rock.
Prevent the formation of emulsions or break emulsions previously
formed.
Remove water blocks.
However, the selection and use of surfactants must be carefully done as a specific surfactant may prevent or minimize one type of formation damage and create another.
2. Translate the following words into English
природная проницаемость; ПАВ; повреждение пласта; воздействовать на пласт; внутри самого пласта; однородные пласты; ограничение притока; капитальный ремонт скважины; любое изменение; посторонняя жидкость; выбуренная порода, шлам; воздействие с использованием ПАВ; в некоторых случаях; благоприятные изменения; ремонт пласта
3. Translate the following words into Russian
to improve - improvement; to require – requirement; to restrict – restriction; to alter – alteration; to conduct – conduction – conducting; to indicate – indication; to prevent – prevention; to occur – occurance; to apply – application; to eliminate – elimination; to select – selection
4. Read and translate the text and answer the questions
1. What is the main reason for stimulation a well?
2. What reservoirs require will stimulation?
3. When does «skin» damage occur?
4. What is formation damage?
5. What does formation damage result in?
6. What techniques are used to restore fluid flow into the well?
7. What operations require surfactants application and why?
Методические указанияк практическим занятиям по дисциплине английский язык для студентов специальностей 130504 «Бурение нефтяных и газовых скважин», 130602 «Машины и оборудование нефтяных и газовых промыслов», 130503 «Капитальный ремонт скважин» очной и заочной форм обучения
