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Кипр в составе Британской империи. Завоевание независимости.
4 июня 1878 года остров перешёл под британское правление, в обмен на поддержку, оказанную Турции в русско-турецкой войне. При этом формально он оставался в составе Османской империи.
Такое положение продолжалось до 1914 г., когда Великобритания аннексировала остров - Турция в Первой мировой войне встала на сторону Германии, за что и поплатилась. С 1925 г. остров стал британской колонией. Реальная власть на Кипре перешла в руки британского губернатора, был образован орган самоуправления — Законодательный Совет. Англичане принесли на остров европейские системы управления, судопроизводства, образования, развивались ремесла, появился средний класс.
Но уже в 1931 году среди греческого населения вспыхивают беспорядки с требованием энозиса (объединения с Грецией). Беспорядки были подавлены.
В ходе Второй мировой войны греки-киприоты приняли участие в британских военных действиях, сражаясь на стороне англичан. Это породило широкие ожидания, что по окончании войны Британия признает независимость острова, однако, эти надежды не оправдались. Англичане не хотели энозиса, поскольку в разгорающейся "холодной войне" Кипр приобрел особое стратегическое значение. В этом вопросе их поддерживали турки, которые опасались притеснений в случае, если бы Кипр стал частью Греции.
После Второй мировой войны среди греческого населения нарастает движение за объединение исторических греческих территорий, в том числе Кипра, с Грецией. В январе 1950 проходит референдум, на котором греческое большинство голосует за энозис. Британия отказалась признавать итоги референдума.
В 1955 первое вооружённое столкновение греков с англичанами привело к основанию ЭОКА (союз борцов за освобождение нации). Происходит ряд нападений на британских военных и чиновников.
В 1956 году Британия доводит количество своих войск на Кипре до 30 тысяч, и проводит массовые репрессии.
В 1957 при прямой помощи Турции турки-киприоты формируют боевую организацию ТМТ. Британия поддерживает появление ТМТ, как противовеса греческой ЭОКА.
Возрастающее напряжение вылилось в военные действия. Чтобы прекратить их, Великобритания, Греция и Турция подписали Цюрихское и Лондонское соглашения, которые предусматривали предоставление независимости Кипру. 16 августа 1960 г. Кипр стал независимой суверенной республикой; по условиям Соглашения Великобритания оставила за собой несколько военных баз, которые существуют на Кипре и поныне. Согласно Конституции, за турками-киприотами резервировалось 30% должностей во всех органах управления страной, в армии и полиции, им предоставлялось право вето и пост вице-президента страны. Все делалось для того, чтобы обеспечить защиту прав турецкого меньшинства. К сожалению, две общины Кипра - греческая и турецкая - так и не смогли найти общего языка. Напряжение нарастало и вылилось в вооруженные столкновения в конце 1963 г. Конфликт удалось приглушить только вводом на остров миротворческих сил ООН, но напряжение оставалось.
