2018-02-14
315
1. By managing natural resources more effectively, our quality of human life could be improving/improved greatly.
2. Drivers with lorries weighing/weighed above 7.5 tonnes have to make a five mile detour around the bridge.
3. Because cast iron is comparatively brittle, it is not suitable for purposes where a sharp edge or flexibility is requiring/required.
4. Cast iron was first inventing/invented in China in the 4th century BC.
5. Heat treatment involves the use of heating/heated or chilling/chilled, normally to extreme temperatures.
6. The air conditioning doesn’t seem to be cooling/cooled the room much.
7. Steel is hardening/hardened by heating it to a very high temperature.
8. Many products describing/described as wrought iron, such as garden furniture and gates, are made of mild steel.
9. The funds will go towards improving/improved road and rail services.
10. Wrought iron is no longer producing/produced on a commercial scale.
Ex. 6. Put the verbs into the required tense form and translate the sentences.
1. The Eiffel tower (to construct - Present Simple Passive) from wrought iron.
2. Avoid putting your car away until the engine (to cool down - Present Perfect Active).
3. In the west, where cast iron (not to become - Past Simple Active) available till the late 14th century, its earliest uses included cannon and shot.
4. I (to want - Past Simple Active) to improve my French, so I (to get - Past Simple Active) a job in Paris.
5. Vehicles over a certain weight (not to allow - Present Simple Passive) to use the bridge.
6. Heat treatment (to use - Present Simple Passive) used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as glass.
7. The development of the steam engine by Thomas Newcomen (to provide - Past Simple Active) further market for cast iron, since cast iron (to be - Past Simple Active) considerably cheaper than the brass of which the engine cylinders were originally made.
8. He (to squeeze - Past Simple Active) into a crack between two rocks.
9. Huge fans (to use - Future Simple Passive) to cool the concrete floor to keep it below 150 degrees.
Ex. 7. Use the Active Voice instead of the Passive Voice and translate the sentences.
1. The first steel rail was produced by English manufacturers.
2. Transverse cracks were caused by uneven cooling of the rails after their hardening.
3. This distance is covered by train in an hour.
4. Several cities will be connected by the high-speed railway line.
5. The renewal of signaling equipment of all railroads will be financed by the government.
6. The rails are joined to each other by fastenings.
7. Continuous welded rails are used on high-speed railways now instead of standard ones.
8. Railway track consists of two parallel rails which are supported on crossties.
9. Regular services were stopped because of the accident.
10. The failures could not be detected in advance by ultrasonic inspection.
Ex. 8. Use the Passive Voice instead of the Active Voice and translate the sentences.
1. All the railways throughout the world use steel rails.
2. Metallurgical advances in the 20th century greatly improved the quality of rail steel.
3. Usually the producers harden rails at the ends by heat treatment.
4. The mechanic checked the operation of the breaking system.
5. The track gang inspects a railway track all year round.
6. William Losh and George Stephenson improved the design of cast-iron rails to reduce breakage.
7. Maintenance staff installed new bolts and restored regular services.
8. Danish State Railways (DSB) have developed a gas-fired point heater.
9. Tzar Peter the Great prohibited bridge building in St. Petersburg.
10. The State Acceptance Committee provides the final accept.
Ex. 9. Before reading the text make sure you pronounce the following words and phrases correctly:
previously, 20 kg/m (twenty kilograms per meter), 30kg/m (thirty kilograms per meter), cast-iron rails, wrought-iron, throughout the world, metallurgical advances, transverse cracks, heavier trains, early railroading, rails weighing, 75.5 to 77 kg/m (seventy-five point five to seventy-seven kilograms per meter).
Ex. 10. Read the text and translate it, using a dictionary, if necessary.
WROUGHT-IRON AND STEEL RAILS
The first improvements of cast-iron rails were rails of wrought-iron, introduced in 1820 in England, where the first steel rail was also manufactured. The manufacture of steel rails in the United States began in 1865, and they are now used throughout the world. Metallurgical advances in the 20th century greatly improved the quality of rail steel. Previously, transverse cracks often developed inside rails during use, until engineers discovered that these cracks were caused by uneven cooling of the rails after their hardening. All rails manufactured for use in the United States now undergo a process of controlled cooling and inspection to prevent such defects. Usually they are also hardened at the ends by heat treatment.
Heavier trains requiring stronger track resulted in much heavier rails. The iron rails used in early railroading weighed less than about 20 kg/m, and the steel rails used at the beginning of the 20th century in many cases were not heavier than about 30kg/m. In the 1930s rails weighing 50 kg/m or more or in some instances more than about 65 kg/m were used. Rails manufactured today for mainline use may weigh as much as 75.5 to 77 kg/m.
Ex. 11. Put questions to the underlined words.
1. The first improvement on cast-iron rails were rails of wrought-iron, introduced in 1820 in England.
2. Engineers discovered that transverse cracks were caused by uneven cooling of the rails after their hardening.
3. Usually all rails are hardened at the ends by heat treatment.
4. The steel rails used at the beginning of the 20th century in many cases were about 30kg/m.
5. The manufacture of steel rails in the United States began in 1865.
6. Heavier trains requiring stronger track resulted in much heavier rails.
7. Transverse cracks often developed inside rails during use, until engineers discovered that these cracks were caused by uneven cooling of the rails after their hardening.
8. Rails manufactured today for mainline use may weigh as much as 75.5 to 77 kg/m.
