2018-02-14
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1. Notwithstanding modern technical developments, the dominant track form worldwide consists of steel rails supported on timber or concrete sleepers, which are themselves laid on crushed stone ballast.
2. Most railroads with heavy traffic use continuously welded rails.
3. The rail is usually held down to the sleeper (tie) with resilient fastenings.
4. Timber sleepers (ties) are of many available timbers, and are often treated with creosote, copper-chrome-arsenic, or other wood preservative.
5. The track ballast is customarily crushed stone.
Ex. 11. Translate the following sentences into English.
Железнодорожный путь должен обеспечивать безопасное движение поездов. Основными компонентами железнодорожного полотна являются рельсы, шпалы и балласт.
Рельсы удерживаются на шпалах. Шпалы укладываются на балласт. Рельсы соединяются друг с другом с помощью рельсовых скреплений. Стандартные рельсовые плети сваривают яс и образуют бесстыковой путь. В настоящее время бесстыковой путь широко используется на многих высокоскоростных магистралях. Такой путь обеспечивает более комфортное движение.
Существует два основных типа шпал: деревянные шпалы и бетонные шпалы. Деревянные шпалы обрабатываются креозотом, который предотвращают их гниение.
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Балласт может состоять из щебня, песка, гравия и некоторых других материалов. Существует также безбалластный путь или путь на плитах.
Расстояние между рельсами называется шириной колеи. Ширина колеи на Российских железных дорогах составляет 1520 мм.
Для содержания и ремонта железнодорожного пути используются современные путевые машины.
UNIT TWO RAIL CLASSIFICATION
Ex. 1. Copy and memorize the following terms.
| Glossary |
| alloy -сплав commodity -товар convenience -удобство convenient -удобный decimal system -десятичная система счисления dimension -размер, величина inch - дюйм measure -мера; единица измерения measurement – измерение; мерка range -предел, диапазон to estimate - (приблизительно) подсчитывать |
Ex. 2.Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.
1. The Imperial system of units is based on the foot, pound, and second as the units of length, mass, and time. For scientific and most technical purposes these units have been replaced by SI units.
2. The temperature range is how many degrees is in between the highest and the lowest temperature.
3. An alloy is a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion.
4. Manganese is an important component of special steels and magnetic alloys.
5. I.B.C. trades worldwide buying and selling basic commodities such as timber, coal and cement.
6. I’d like to talk to the manager - can you suggest a convenient time?
7. Most of us like the convenience of using credit cards to buy things.
8. Geometry investigates objects and the spaces around them. In its simplest form, it deals with objects in two or three dimensions, such as lines, circles, cubes, and spheres.
9. Every inch of space in the tiny shop was crammed with goods.
10. It is estimated that smoking causes 100,000 premature deaths every year.
11. I’ll just take a few measurements, and then I can tell you how much paint you will need.
Ex. 3. Answer the following questions, using the information given in brackets.
1. What is the temperature range? (the highest temperature minus the lowest temperature)
2. What is brass? (an alloy of copper and zinc)
3. Why did I phone your office? (to confirm that this date is convenient)
4. Why did ready meals sell well? (because of their convenience)
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5. What does a decimal system involve? (counting in units of ten)
6. What represents things in only two dimensions? (a diagram)
7. How many inches are there in a foot? (twelve)
8. What is the world’s most important commodity? (crude [сырая] oil)
9. Is crude oil priced in dollars or in euros? (in dollars)
10. What do scientists estimate? (smoking reduces life expectancy by around 12 years on average)
11. What are the measurements like? (extraordinarily accurate)
12. What does the decimal numeral system have as its base? (ten)
Ex.4. Read the sentences, replacing the Russian words with their English equivalents.
1. The имперская система измерений uses inches, feet, and yards to measure length, ounces and pounds to measure weight, and pints and gallons to measure volume.
2. An сплав is a metal that is made by mixing two or more types of metal together.
3. A товар is something that is sold for money.
4. Mail-order catalogs are a удобный way to shop.
5. The десятичный numeral system is most widely used by modern civilizations.
6. The box measures 42 дюйм by 42 inches in height and width.
7. I подсчитывать that total cost for medical treatment will range from $9,000 to $12,500.
8. A измерение is a result, usually expressed in numbers that you obtain by measuring something.
9. Your мерка are the size of your waist, chest, hips, and other parts of your body, which you need to know when you are buying clothes.
10. Boats were able to sail from the river Humber into the village carrying fish and other товар.
