2018-02-14
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A lang. unit is considered to be st. marked if it’s characterized by styl. connotation either paradigmatically or syntagmatically.
A connotation is a commonly understood subjective emotional association that some word or phrase carries
If we speak about pagadigm. SM, we speak about different connotations, registered in dictionaries, we don’t need to analyze context.
Syntagmatic SM-connotation is acquired by a neutral word in a context
ST markedness can be analyzed in terms of Expressiveness, Emotiveness, Intensity, Imagery.
Expressiveness:
Some linguists associate expr with emotiveness. But they shouldn’t be mixed up as emot. Is an integral part of exp
Expressiveness is a kind of intensification; it is used to enhance the power and penetration of speech. It is a very complex notion and has a structure of several dimensions. It can be manifested though a number of components. Generally there are 4 components that are part of expressiveness:
- -imagery
- -intensity
- -emotiveness
- -evaluation
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EG:
She is an extremely disgusting girl – expressiveness in achieved by lex. means (“extremely”) -
In rushed the people – by syntactical means (inversion)
Fool that he was – emotiveness by synt. Mean
Imagery
-Imagery presupposes only figurative use (mental representation) it’s the mental picture is created in our mind by figurative use of lexis. when abstract notion is represented through a concrete object by the mind, the image appears.
-Imagery automatically calls out expressiveness.
Emotiveness -it is a linguistic manifestation of emotions. It is associated with emotive elements of language expressing a wide range of attitudinal meanings such as excitement, surprise, friendliness. The most common linguistic expressions of emotions are conventional words or phrases: Gosh, Ouch, My,
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Manifestation of emotions can take different forms:
Intensity: (“ intensification” – galperin) – making greater in amount, strength
Eg – a wave of strikes / a tide of strikes
Emotive evaluation:
- Logical
- Emotional
- Positive-negative
- Quantitative – qualitative
EG the building was taken down to pieces => the building was smashed down.
Creativity in stylistics
Creativity:
- Is he process of having original ideas that have value
- Often involves making critical judgments
- Is a tendency to generate new ideas, alternatives or possibilities that may be useful in solving problems
- Is a highly personal process
- Is not a linear process
- Facilitating this process takes judgment
Linguistic creativity manifests itself in:
- High literary arts
- Everyday communication
E.g. Education shouldn’t be a debt sentence.
We can also look at a wide range of ideas and practices creativity can involve.
Strategies of meaning extension:
- Word meaning extension, metaphorical extension
e.g. Women who smoke have lighter children.
- Intertextuality
e.g. Spring of Discontent
- Phonological similarities
Join the Kew for the Bloom with a Phew
-Stylistically marked words (contrasted to the neutral usage)
- Class shift
