The notions of morph and allomorphs

Morph is the phonetic realization of a morpheme which study the unit of form, sounds and phonetic symbol. The morphs can be devided into two important classes, lexical and grammatical.Lexical morph is the morph that denote directly objects actions, qualities and other pieces of real word (ex: table, dog, walk, etc.)Grammatical morph is the morph that has been modifiying the meaning of the lexical morphs by adding a certain element to them. (ex: un-, -able, re-, -d, in-, -ent, -ly, -al, -ize, -a-, -tion, anti-, dis-, -ment, -ari-, -an, -ism)

Allomorph is variant form of morpheme about the sounds and phonetic symbols but it doesn’t change the meaning. There are three types of allomorph, phonologically, morphologically and lexically conditioned allomorph.So, allomorph is variant form of a morpheme about the sounds and phonetic symbol but it doesn’t change the meaning. Allomorph has different in pronounciation and spelling according to their condition. It means that allomorph will have different sound, pronounciation or spelling in different condition.

 

Lexicalization of the plural “s” (with examples).

Classification of parts of speech (the view point of foreign and Russian scholars).

The category of number. Grammatical and lexical forms of number.

The grammatical category of number is the linguistic representation of the objective category of quantity. The number category is realized through the opposition of two form-classes: the plural form::the singular form. The category of number in English is restricted in its realization because of the dependent implicit grammatical meaning of countableness/uncountableness. The number category is realized only within the subclass of countable nouns. The grammatical meaning of number may not coincide with the notional quantity: the noun in the singular does not necessarily denote one object while the plural form may be used to denote one object consisting of several parts. The general meaning revealed through the grammatical opposition a book – books is number, or quantity, or “oneness – more-than-oneness”. The general meaning revealed through the lexico-grammatical opposition is “discreteness – non-discreteness”. The opposition “discreteness – none-discreteness” is semantically broader than the opposition “oneness – more-than-oneness”. It embraces both countable and uncountable nouns. Singular presents the noun-referent as a single indiscrete entity. Plural presents the referent as a multiplicity of discrete entities (separate objects – houses; objects consisting of separate parts – scissors; various

The formation of number in composite and compound noun.

compound noun = 2 слова вместе

composite has more than 2 factors число

 

Plural identical in form with the singular.

Certain nouns have an identical singular and plural form. Some of these nouns end in -s: means, series, species, aircraft deer, sheep,fish, carp, pike, salmon, trout

 

The nouns “foot” and “pound”.

Foreign plurals.

Nouns used only in the singular.

1. Pluralia Tantum and Singularia Tantum

We must also consider here two types of nouns differing from all others in the way of number: they have not got the usual two number forms, but only one form. The nouns which have only a plural and no singular are usually termed "pluralia tantum" (which is the Latin for "plural only"), and those which have only a singular and no plural are termed "singularia tantum" (the Latin for "singular only'').

Among the pluralia tantum are the nouns trousers, scissors, tongs, pincers, breeches; environs, outskirts, dregs. As is obvious from these examples, they include nouns of two types. On the one hand, there are the nouns which denote material objects consisting of two halves (trousers, scissors, etc.); on the other, there are those which denote a more or less indefinite plurality (e. g. environs

 

22. The category of case within the noun.

Общий (субъектный) падеж — Subjective Case

The king laughed. — Король рассмеялся (подлежащее, king, стоит в общем падеже).

Общий падеж Subjective Case		Объектный падеж Objective Case
I	Я	Me	Меня, мне, мной, обо мне
You	Ты, вы	You	Тебя, тебе, тобой, о тебе, вас, вам, вами, о вас
He	Он	Him	Его, ему, им, о нем
She	Она	Her	Ее, ей, ею, о ней
It	Оно	It	Его, ему, им, о нем (неодуш.)
We	Мы	Us	Нас, нам, нами, о нас
They	Они	Them	Их, им, ими, о них
Who	Кто	Whom	Кто, кому, кем, о ком