Притяжательный падеж — Possessive Case

Образуется притяжательный падеж добавлением к основной форме существительного конструкции 's (апостроф + s): King 's army (армия короля)

33. Substantivization of adjectives.

. В английском языке некоторые прилагательные могут употребляться в значении существительных. Такие прилагательные употребляются со значением множественного числа (но не принимают окончание -s), и обозначают группу людей, объединенную общими признаками. Такие прилагательные всегда употребляются с определенным артиклем. Их также называют субстантивированными прилагательными.

Примеры: the young – молодежь;

2. Прилагательные с определенным артиклем могут также употребляться в значении существительных, обозначающих абстрактные понятия. Употребляются в единственном числе и согласуются с глаголом в единственном числе.

Примеры: the good – добро;
the bad – зло;

3. Прилагательные, обозначающие национальность, могут употребляться в значении существительных, обозначая лица данной национальности.

Прилагательные, которые оканчиваются на –an, -ian (Russ ian – русский, Americ an – американский и т.д.), в значении существительных употребляются как в единственном, так и во множественном числе (прибавляют окончание -s).

Примеры: a Russian – русский, two Russians – два русских
an American – американец, two Americans – два американца

Прилагательные, которые оканчиваются на –se и –ss (Chine se – китайський, Japane se – японский), в значении существительных употребляются как в единственном, так и во множественном числе (без прибавления окончания –s)

Примеры: a Chinese – китаец, two Chinese – два китайца
a Portuguese – португалец, two Portuguese – два португальца
a Japanese – японец, two Japanese – два японца

Прилагательные, которые оканчиваются на –sh и –ch (Engli sh – английский, Scot ch – шотландский), в значении существительных употребляются только во множественном числе (без прибавления окончания –s) для обозначения всей нации. Такие прилагательные употребляются с определенным артиклем the.

Примеры: the English – англичане (вся нация)
the Scotch – шотландцы (вся нация)

34. Adjectivization of nouns.

Адъективация (adjectivization [,ædʒɪktɪvʌɪ'zeɪʃ(ə)n]). — переход других частей речи в разряд прилагательных без использования словообразовательных аффиксов. Чаще всего в качестве прилагательных употребляются причастия I и причастия II.

§ She's an interesting new writer. – Она интересный новый писатель.

§ He fixed that broken clock. – Он починил эти сломанные часы. Употребляемое в качестве прилагательного причастие называют адъективным / адъективированным (adjectival) т.е. адъективное причастие adjectival participle или наоборот – причастным прилагательным (participial adjective).

31. Traditional gender associations.

32. The adjective (Ilysh’s classification). The definite article with the superlative. Special meanings.

The adjective expresses property. Adjectives in Modern English are invariable. Adjectives combine with nouns both preceding and (occa-sionally) following them (large room, times immemorial).

The Definite Article with the SuperlativeWhen giving above the forms of the superlative degree we al-ways added the definite article in parentheses. We did so because it remains somewhat doubtful whether the article belongs to the noun defined by the adjective in the superlative degree, or whether it makes part and parcel of the superlative form itself. To find an answer to this question, it is, apparently, necessary to know whether the def-inite article is ever used with a superlative form where it cannot be said to belong to a noun. Some examples, rare though they are, go some way to prove that the definite article can at least be said to have a tendency to become an appendix of the superla-tive form itself, rather than of the noun to which the ad-jective in the superlative degree is an attribute. This appears to be quite incontrovertible in the few cases where the definite article is joined to the superlative form of an adverb, so that there is no noun to which it might, directly or indirectly, be said to belong. Here is an example from a nineteenth century novel: The world hears most of the former, and talks of them the most, but I doubt whether the latter are not the more numerous. (TROLLOPE) There are two phrases including a superlative form here, namely, hears most of the former, and talks of them the most. While there might be some doubt about the grammatical status of the first most (whether it is rather an object, that is, a substantivised adjective, or an adverbial modi-fier, that is, an adverb), the second most gives rise to no such doubts: the verb talk cannot take any object of that kind. So the most is bound to be an adverb and in any case there is no noun whatever to which the article might be attached. So we must draw the conclusion that the definite article has here become an in-tegral part of the adverb's superlative form. Such instances are rare, but they do at least show that there is a tendency for the article to become an integral part of the superlative form, whether of an ad-jective or of an adverb. Special Meanings of the Superlative

The basic meaning of the superlative is that of a degree of a property surpassing all the other objects mentioned or implied. However, there are cases when the meaning is different and merely a very high degree of a property is meant, without any comparison with other objects possessing that property. Thus, in the sentence It is with the greatest pleasure that we learn of... the phrase the greatest pleasure does not mean that that particular pleasure was greater than all other pleasures, but merely that it was very great. The same may be said of the sentence In Brown's room was the greatest disorder and of other sentences of this kind. This meaning of the form is usually described as the elative. 1 It can be recognised as such only owing to the context, and it seems to have (in some cases, at least) a peculiar stylistic colouring, being essentially uncolloquial.The forms of the superlative degree are never used with the in-definite article. The phrase "most + adjective", on the other hand, may be used with the indefinite article and expresses in that case a very high degree of a property, without implying any comparison, e. g. a most satisfactory result. The meaning of the phrase is thus the same as that of the superlative degree in its ela-tive application.

33. Substantivization of adjectives

It is common knowledge that adjectives can, under certain circumstances, be substantivised, i. e. become nouns. This is a phenomenon found in many languages, e. g. in Russian: compare ученый человек and ученый; рабочий стаж and рабочий. In German, compare ein gelehrter Mann and ein Gelehrter; in French, un homme savant and un savant, etc. The phenomenon is also frequent enough in English. The questions which arise in this connection are: (a) what criteria should be applied to find out if an adjective is substantivised or not? (b) is a substantivised adjective a noun, or is it not?As to the first question, we should recollect the characteristic features of nouns in Modern English and then see if a substantivised adjective has acquired them or not. These features are, (1) ability to form a plural, (2) ability to have a form in -'s if a living being is denoted, (3) ability to be modified by an adjective, (4) performing the function of subject or object in a sentence. If, from this point of view, we approach, for example, the word native, we shall find that it possesses all those peculiarities, e. g. the natives of Australia, a young native, etc.The same may be said about the word relative (meaning a person standing in some degree of relationship to another): my relatives, a close relative, etc. A considerable number of other examples might be given. There is therefore every reason to assert that native and relative are nouns when so used, and indeed we need not call them substantivised adjectives. Thus the second of the above questions would also be answered. Things, are, however, not always as clear as that. A familiar ex-ample of a different kind is the word rich. It certainly is substan-tivised, as will be seen, for example, in the title of a novel by C. P. Snow, "The Conscience of the Rich". It is obvious, howev-er, that this word differs from the words native and relative in some important points: (1) it does not form a plural, (2) it can-not be used in the singular and with the indefinite article, (3) it has no possessive form. Since it does not possess all the characteristics of nouns but merely some of them, it will be right to say that it is only partly substantivised. The word rich in such con-texts as those given above stands somewhere between an ad-jective and a noun.