VI. Укажите правильный перевод подчеркнутой части предложения

English for mathematicians

Практикум

Автор: Т.И. Боровик

Редактор: В авторской редакции

Данный практикум представляет собой систематизированный материал для чтения профессионально ориентированных текстов по специальности «Математические методы в экономике». В практикуме представлены следующие разделы: “What is mathematics”, “Unsolved mathematical problems”, “Greek schools of mathematics”, “Descartes’s and P.Fermat’s coordinate geometry”, “Analysis Incarnate – Leonard Euler”. К текстам практикума разработаны предтекстовые и послетекстовые лексико-грамматические упражнения. Практикум содержит также тексты по домашнему чтению, лексический минимум и грамматический справочник. Цель практикума: развитие навыков чтения и перевода текстов по специальности на базе оригинального материала. Для студентов неязыковых специальностей.

 

 

Part I

WHAT IS MATHEMATICS?

UNIT I

I. Найдите в тексте интернациональные слова, переведите их. II. Выберите в колонке В эквиваленты к словам колонки А. А В 1. fraction 2. whole numbers 3. irrational numbers 4. differential equations 5. concept 6. point 7. line 8. triangle 9. equality 10. axiom a) аксиома b) иррациональные числа c) дробь d) целые числа e) концепция f) точка g) дифференциальные уравнения h) равенство i) линия j) треугольник

III. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.

1) The largest branch is that which builds on the ordinary whole numbers, …, and irrational numbers, or what, collectively, is called the real number system.

a) fractions b) calculus

c) differential equations d) areas

2) These concepts must verify explicitly stated ….

a) theorems b) axioms

c) equations c) calculus

3) The certain concept of geometry is point, line and ….

a) area b) triangle

c) fraction d) right angle

4) Some of axioms of the mathematics of … are the associative, commutative, and distributive properties.

a) quantitative b) arithmetic

c) simple d) number

5) Some of the axioms of geometry are that two points determine a … all right angles are equal, etc.

a) angle b) triangle

c) line d) right angle

Text I

The students of mathematics may wonder where the word "mathematics "comes from. Mathematics is a Greek word, and, by origin or etymologically, it means "something that must be learnt or understood", perhaps “acquired knowledge" or "knowledge acquirable by learning" or “general knowledge". The word "mathematics'' is a contraction of all these phrases. The celebrated Pythagorean school in ancient Greece had both regular and incidental members. The incidental members were called "auditors"; the regular members were named "mathematicians" as a general class and not because they specialized in mathematics; for them mathematics was a mental discipline of science of learning. What is ma­thematics in the modern sense of the term, its implications and connota­tions? There is no neat, simple, general and unique answer to this question.

Mathematics as a science, viewed as a whole, is a collection of branches. The largest branch is that which builds on the ordinary whole num­bers, fractions, and irrational numbers, or what, collectively, is called the real number system. Arithmetic, algebra, the study of functions, the cal­culus differential, equations, and various other subjects which follow the calculus in logical order, are all developments of the real number sys­tem. This part of mathematics is termed the mathematics of number. A second branch is geometry consisting of several geometries. Mathematics contains many more divisions. Each branch has the same logical structure: it begins with certain concepts, such as the whole numbers or integers in the mathematics of number, and such as point, line and tri­angle in geometry. These concepts must verify explicitly stated axioms. Some of the axioms of the mathematics of number are the associative, commutative, and distributive properties and the axioms about equalities. Some of the axioms of geometry are that two points determine a line, all right angles are equal, etc. From the concepts and axioms theorems are deduced. Hence, from the standpoint of structure, the concepts, axioms and theorems are the essential components of any compartment of ma­thematics. We must break down mathematics into separately taught sub­jects, but this compartmentalization taken as a necessity, must be com­pensated for as much as possible. Students must see the interrelation­ships of the various areas and the importance of mathematics for other domains. Knowledge is not additive but an organic whole and mathema­tics is an inseparable part of that whole. The full significance of mathe­matics can be seen and taught only in terms of its intimate relationships to other fields of knowledge. If mathematics is isolated-from other provinces, it loses importance.

IV. Выберите правильный ответ на вопрос в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1. Where does the word “mathematics” come from?

a) Greece b) England

c) Russia d) Alexandria

2. What does the word “mathematics” mean by origin or etymologically?

a) “acquired knowledge” b) “logical construction”

c) “scientific knowledge” d)“knowledge about nature”

3. What is mathematics as a science?

a) a real number system b) a collection of branches

c) a calculus in logical order

d) a calculus, differential equations, and functions

4. What is the largest branch of mathematics?

a) geometry b) differential equations

c) the whole number system d) the real number system

5. What is the certain concept of mathematics of number?

a) whole numbers or integers b) points, lines, and triangles

c) differential equations d)fractions and irrational umbers

6. What is deduced from the concepts and axioms?

a) structures b) theorems

c) calculus d) equations

V. Выберите заголовок для данного текста, в соответствии с его содержанием.

a. Geometry

b. Mathematics of number

c. Mathematics as a science

d. The Pythagorean school

VI. Укажите правильный перевод подчеркнутой части предложения.

1. The incidental members were called “auditors”.

a) называют b) назывались

c) названный

2. This part of mathematics is termed the mathematics of number.

a) будет определена b) была определена

c) определяется

3. From the concepts and axioms theorems are deduced.

a) выводят b) выводятся

c) были выведены

4. Mathematics as a science, viewed as a whole, is a collection of branches.

a) рассматривается b) рассмотрела

c) рассматриваемая

5. A second branch is geometry consisting of several geometries.

a) состоящая b) состояла

c) состоит

6. These concepts must verify explicitly stated axioms.

a) установив b) установленные

c) устанавливающие

UNIT II I. Найдите в тексте интернациональные слова, переведите их. II. Выберите в колонке В эквиваленты к словам колонки А.

A	B
1.abstraction 2. concept 3. irrational number 4. negative number 5. notion 6. addition 7. multiplication 8. variable 9. function 10. quantitative values	a. умножение b. сложение c. количественные величины d. концепция e. иррациональное число f. отрицательное число g. понятие h абстракция i. переменная j. функция