Примеры студенческих работ

The Protection of Nature.

Greenhouse Effect.

Nature is the source of Man’s life since ancient times. People lived in harmony with environment for thousands of years people and thought that natural riches were unlimited. The development of civilization increased man’s harmful interference in nature.

 

Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises pollute the air we breathe and the water we drink. Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1,000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Beautiful old forests disappear forever. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plans disappear forever< a number of lakes and rivers dry up.

 

The pollution of air and destruction of the ozone layer are the results of man’s attitude towards Nature.

 

The protection of the environment is a universal concern. We must be very active to create f serious system of ecological security.

Words:

Ancient- древний

Source-источник

Natural riches- природные богатства

To increase -увеличиваться

Harmful interference-вредное воздействие

Industrial enterprises-промышленные предприятия

Substances-вещества

Suffer-страдать

To upset-нарушать

Rare- редкий

To dry up- высыхать

Pollution- загрязнение

 

Greenhouse effect is term for the role the atmosphere in warming the earth surface. The atmosphere is largely transparent to incoming short wave solar radiation which hearts the earth’s surface. Much of this radiation is reflected back by gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone in the atmosphere. This heating effect is at the root of the theories concerning global warning.

 

The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been increasing by 0.4 per cent a year because of the use of fossil such as oil, gas and coal. The cutting of tropical forests has also been a contributing factor in the carbon cycle. Other gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect, such as methane and halocarbons, are increasing even faster. The net effect of these increases could be a worldwide rise in temperature estimated at 2 to 6 C (4 to 11 F) over the next 100 years. Warming of this magnitude would alter climates throughout the world, affect crop production and cause sea leves to rise significantly. If this happened, millions of people would be badly affected by flooding.

 

 

Words:

Greenhouse effect- парниковый эффект

Surface-поверхность

Transparent-прозрачный

To absurd-поглашать

Root-корень

Fossil-ископаемый

Amount- велична

Carbon dioxide- двуокись углерода. Углекислый газ

Methane-метан

Nitrous oxide-окись азота

Ozone -озон

Halocarbons-хлороуглероды

To contribute- содействовать

Heating effect-эффект нагревания

To alter-изменять

To estimate-оценивать

Net effect to cause-суммарный эффект

Level -уровень

Magnitude-величина

To affect-повлиять

To be affected-быть затронутым чем либо

Flood-наводнение

 

 

                                                  

Global Warming.

 

 

Global warming is an increase in the earth’s temperature due to the use of fossil fuels and other industrial processes leading to a build up of “greenhouse gases”(carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide) in the atmosphere. It has been known since 1896 that carbon dioxide helps stop the sun’s infrared radiation from escaping into space and thus functions to maintain the earth’s relatively warm temperature(this is called the greenhouse effect). The question is whether the increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will lead to elevated global temperatures, which could result major climatic changes, and have serious problems for agricultural productivity.

 

Since 1850 there has been a mean rise in global temperature of proximately 1 C (1.8 F), but this rise could just be part f natural fluctuation. Such fluctuations have recorded for tens of thousands of years.

The Bald Eagle.

1782, soon after the United castes won its independence, the bald eagle was chosen as the national bird of the new country. American leaders wanted the eagle be a symbol of their country cause it is a bird of strength and urage. They chose the bald eagle cause it was found all over North America and only in North America. But a little over 200 years later, the bald eagle had almost appeared from the country. In 72, there were only 3,000 bald eagles in the entire United States.

 

The reason for the bird’s decreasing population was pollution, especially pollution of rivers by pesticides. Pesticides are chemicals used to rill insects and other animals that attack and destroy crops. Unfortunately, rain often washes pesticides into rivers. Pesticides pollute the rivers and poison the fish. Eagles eat these fish and the poison affects their eggs. The eggs have very thin shells and do not hatch. Eggless lay only two or there eggs have a year. Because many of the eggs did not hatch and produce more eagles, the number of eagles quickly became smaller.

 

Today, the American government and the American people are trying to protect the bald eagles. The number of bald eagles is increasing. It now appears that the American national bird will survive and remain a symbol of strength and courage.

 

Vocabulary

 

What is the meaning of the underlined words? Circle the letter or the correct answer.

1.In 1972, there were only 3,000 bald eagles in the entire United States.

a. whole               b. central

2. The reason for the bird’s decreasing population was pollution.

a. other animals b. dirty air and water

3. The eggs have thin shells and do not hatch.

a. open             b. fly

4. Eagles lay only two or there eggs a year.

a. eat                b. produce

5. Pesticides kill animals that attack and destroy crops.

a. insects          b. plants

6. It now appears that the American national bird will survive.

a. live               b. die

 

 THE City Growth

Problem.

 

     Damages to the firms building a hotel extension to the Centre for International

Trade in Moscow amount fornow to 8 million hard cash. This information was made

Public at the press conference held at the Centre in June this year.

      The building work suspender a year ago by the district council. The dicision was

made under the stormy pressure of a local Greenpeace. Greenpeace activists worried

about the poor ecdogical situation in the locality. The troubled are a is the park situated

nearby. If construction goes on, the territory of the park (about 0,6 hectares) will be

trespassed.

      To resolve the b dispute Sovincentr had a number of meetinds with all the

Interested.

You represent the building firms. You are utterly displeased with the situation.

         The contract between your selves and Sovincentr is being suspended.

You are losing not only time but money. Now you have to pay damages to the

sub-contractors with whom you have places orders for the supply of building

materials and the work force.

 

Greenpeace activists.

 

          This group of people is made up of radicals and moderates who look upon

the problem differently.

Radicals.

 

          You are strangly against the project as the territory of the park will be

trespassed. The park was laid down in the 19-th century and must remain intact

as a national treasure. These may be the motives why you are uncompromising.

 

Moderates.

 

          In your view it is quite possible to arrive at a compromise. Construction

may be resumed of the International Trade Centre invest money into the remabliation

programme.

          You may also add some other Considerations you have.

 

Local resident.

 

          Every morning you do the Jogging in the park. You feeling is that as the

time goes by the ecological situation in the are a becomes worse. Now the park

is put to another danger.

          What is most important now is to find sponsors who will help to save the

park from further decay.

          You may also use some other arguments.

 

Executive of the local Council.

 

          You are in two minds about the project.

On the one hand, you understand that the project will effect the Environment.

          You are afraid that thepark and the old mansion located on its territory will

suffer most. On the other hand, if construction is stopped the City will be losing

hard surrency.

          At the meeting you will insist that Sovincentr must make a handsome contribution

on the rehabilitation programme. Construction may be resumed only after an

agreement is signed bet signed between Sovincentr and the Council in which

Sovincentr will pledge their liability to the Council.

          In the dispute you may use your own arguments as well.

 

Useful Language.

The history of the question is…

There are alarming signs that …

The concentration of dust in the air exceeds the horm.

The soil is heavily polluted.

The city growth inflicts damage on the Environmment.

I consider in short-sighted.

One must foresse the consequences of onу’s actions.

The main task is to solve the problem of waste disposal.

 

 

Используемые ресурсы

Основные источники:

1. Агабекян И.П. «Английский для средних специальных учебных заведений» – Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2013.

2. Кравцова Л.И. «Английский язык» – М.: «Высшая школа», 2006.

3. Космин А.В., Космин В.В. «Англо-русский железнодорожный словарь» - М.: «Маршрут», 2006.

 

Дополнительные источники:

Evans V. «Round-Up» ч. 2, 3, 4 – «Cambridge», 2008.

www.media.ru Базовый курс английского языка (Bridge to English)

www.media.ru Англо-русский говорящий словарь (Bridge to English)

www.macmillanenglish.com - интернет-ресурс с практическими материалами для формирования и совершенствования всех видо-речевых умений и навыков.

ЭБС «Лань» (электронные ресурсы)- соглашение от 17.09.2014 г. по 16.11.2016 г.

Учебники и интерактивные материалы

www.oup.com/elt/naturalenglish

www.oup.com/elt/wordskills