Exercise 4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present, Past или Future Simple Passive

Курс

Занятие 18.03

Страдательный залог. Настоящее простое время.

Страдательный залог формируется с помощью глагола to be в нужной форме + past participle.

Рассмотрите все временные формы образования страдательного залога в сравнении с действительным залогом.

	Active voice	Passive voice
Present Simple	They repair cars.	Cars are repaired.
Present Continuous	They are repairingcars.	The car is being repaired.
Past Simple	They repaired the car.	The car was repaired.
Past Continuous	They were repairingthe car.	The car was being repaired.
Future Simple	They will repair the car.	The car will be repaired.
Present Perfect	They have repaired the car.	The car has been repaired.
Past Perfect	They had repaired the car.	The car had been repaired.
Future Perfect	They will have repaired the car.	The car will have been repaired.

Таблица 1. Временные формы образования страдательного залога

Рассмотрите безличные формы в страдательном залоге в сравнении с действительным залогом.

	Active voice	Passive voice
Present Infinitive	They will have to repair the car.	The car will have to be repaired.
Perfect Infinitive	She ought to have repaired the car.	The car ought to have been repaired.
-ing form	He likes people admiring his car.	He likes his new car being admired.
Perfect –ing form	Having repaired the car, …	The car, having been repaired, …
Modals	You must repair this car.	This car must be repaired.

Таблица 2. Безличные формы образования страдательного залога

2. Использование страдательного залога

Страдательный залог используется, когда агент действия неизвестен, неважен или очевиден из контекста.

Пример:

My car was stolen yesterday. (unknown agent)

The road repairs were completed last week. (unimportant agent)

The kidnappers have been arrested. (by the police – obvious agent)

Страдательный залог также используется для того, чтобы сделать утверждение более вежливым или официальным.

Пример:

My new suit has been burnt.

(it is more polite than saying ‘You have burnt my new suit.’)

Страдательный залог используется, когда действие важнее того, кто его выполняет. Например, в новостях, объявлениях, газетных заголовках и т. д.

Пример:

Taking pictures is not allowed. (written notice)

The local bank was robbed this morning. (news report)

Bread is baked in an oven for about 45 minutes. (process)

Если же мы хотим подчеркнуть агента действия, то мы используем страдательный залог.

Пример:

The Tower of London was built by William the Conqueror.

3. Перевод из действительного залога HYPERLINK "https://interneturok.ru/lesson/english/10-11-klassy/stradatelnyy-zalog-passive-voice/stradatelnyy-zalog-passive-voice-formy-stradatelnogo-zaloga?trainers"в HYPERLINK "https://interneturok.ru/lesson/english/10-11-klassy/stradatelnyy-zalog-passive-voice/stradatelnyy-zalog-passive-voice-formy-stradatelnogo-zaloga?trainers" страдательный

Чтобы превратить предложение из действительного в страдательный залог, необходимо подлежащее действительного залога превратить в агента действия страдательного залога, а также изменить форму глагола с действительной на страдательную. Агент действия вводится предлогом by или не указывается вообще.

Пример:

Bell invented the telephone. – The telephone was invented by Bell.

Чтобы указать, с помощью чего (инструмент, материал, ингредиент) производилось действие, используется предлог with.

Пример:

Mr Smith was hit by Billy with a ball.

(the ball is the instrument the agent used)

4. Особенности построения предложений в страдательном залоге

После модальных глаголов мы используем конструкцию be + pastparticiple или have been + past participle.

Пример:

They may close down the theatre. – The theatre may be closed down.

They may have reported the bank robbery. – The bank robbery may have been reported.

Если глагол принимает 2 дополнения, то чаще всего предложение в страдательном залоге начинается с упоминания о человеке.

Пример:

They sent a letter to him. – He was sent a letter. (more usual) – A letter was sent to him. (less usual)

Когда мы хотим выяснить, кто осуществляет действие, вопрос в страдательном залоге будет выглядеть следующим образом:

Пример:

Who was penicillin discovered by?

What was the fire caused by?

Глаголы believe, say, think, hope, feel etc могут использоваться в 2х моделях. Рассмотрите примеры:

People say she is rich. –

It is said that she is rich. (impersonal construction) – She is said to be rich. (personal construction)

Exercise 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Simple Passive. (USUALLY)

• The postbox (to empty) every day.

• The stamps (to postmark) at the post office.

• The letters (to sort) into the different towns.

• The mail (to load) into the train.

• The mailbags (to unload) after their journey.

• The bags (to take) to the post office.

• The letters (to sort) into the different streets.

• The letters (to deliver).

 

Exercise 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple Passive. (YESTERDAY)

• The postbox (to empty) yesterday.

• The stamps (to postmark) at the post office.

• The letters (to sort) into the different towns.

• The mail (to load) into the train.

• The mailbags (to unload) after their journey.

• The bags (to take) to the post office.

• The letters (to sort) into the different streets.

• The letters (to deliver).

 

 

Exercise 3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Future Simple Passive. (TOMORROW)

• The postbox (to empty) tomorrow.

• The stamps (to postmark) at the post office.

• The letters (to sort) into the different towns.

• The mail (to load) into the train.

• The mailbags (to unload) after their journey.

• The bags (to take) to the postoffice.

• The letters (to sort) into the different streets.

• The letters (to deliever).

 

Exercise 4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present, Past или Future Simple Passive.

• My question (to answer) yesterday.

• Hockey (to play) in winter.

• Mushrooms (to gather) in autumn.

• Many houses (to burn) during the Great Fire of London.

• His new book (to finish) next year.

• Flowers (to sell) in shops and in the streets.

• St. Petersburg (to found) in 1703.

• Bread (to eat) every day.

• The letter (to receive) yesterday.

• Nick (to send) to Moscow next week.

• I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday.

• I (to give) a very interest ing book at the library last Friday.

• Many houses (to build) in our town every year.

• This work (to do) tomorrow.

• This text (to translate) at the last lesson.

• These trees (to plant) last autumn.

• Many interesting games always (to play) at our PT lessons.

• This bone (to give) to my dog tomorrow.

• We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday.

• Lost time never (to find) again.

• Rome (not to build) in a day.