2020-04-12
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1. To solve an engineering problem means to find a proper solution having taken into account the user’s needs and conflicting requirements of the production process. Efficiency costs money, safety adds complexity, performance increases weight. An engineering solution is to be the optimum based on many factors: it should be the cheapest for a given performance, the most reliable for a given weight, the simplest for a given safety or the most efficient for a given cost. In other words engineering means performance optimization.
2. The rate of efficiency is calculated according to “output divided by input” formula: one should secure a maximum output for a given input or to secure a given output for a minimum input. Efficiency is achieved by using efficient methods, devices, and personnel organizations. The efficiency ratio may be expressed in terms of energy, materials, money, time or men.
The processing of new antibiotics in the test-tube stagebelongsto the field of biochemistry science. One of the main engineering problems is to start the efficient process of their manufacturing but the need for efficiency brings about the introduction of complicated engineering operations.
The efficiency factor also helps to differentiate ceramic engineering from the work of the potter, textile engineering from weaving, and agricultural engineering from farming.
3. Since output is input minus losses, the engineer must keep losses and wastes to a minimum having developed methods for waste products to be properly utilized. Losses due to friction can occur in any machine or system. Efficient functioning depends on a good design, lubrication facilities and careful attention to operating difficulties.
4. The raw materials engineers have to work with are not often found in useful forms. Engineering is required to conceive, design and convert energy of a mountain stream into the powerful torque of an electric motor. Similarly, many engineering operations are required to change the seashore sands into precise lenses to observe the microscopic amoeba in a drop of water. In a certain sense, the successful engineer is a person who is able to improve things.
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Задание 12. Переведите предложения. Определите, являются ли данные утверждения
a) истинными,
b) ложными,
c) в тексте нет информации.
Подтвердите это цитатой из текста.
1. Efficiency, among other ways, is achieved through using corresponding personnel organization.
2. Conflicting requirements of the production process should be taken into consideration when solving an engineering problem.
3. Raw materials are often found in the forms engineers have to work with.
4. Losses due to heating can occur in any system.
Задание 13. Переведите предложения. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
1. A successful engineer must be able to avoid unnecessary losses of energy and materials.
2. An engineering solution is to be based on many factors: cost, reliability, safety and others.
Задание 14. Ответьте на вопрос:
What is the definition of efficiency in engineering?
Задание 15. Определите основную идею текста, ваш ответ переведите.
1. The efficiency factor helps to differentiate engineering from farming.
2. Any performance optimization is the goal of engineering.
3. The successful engineer is a person who is able to use raw materials.
4. The processing of new antibiotics belongsto the field of biochemistry.
ВАРИАНТ 2
Задание 1. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод местоимений. Подчеркните местоимение в английском предложении и его перевод.
1. These sweets are very tasty. Could you give them to me?
2. History repeats itself.
3. There are no students in the library.
4. Some institutes of technology are reorganized into universities.
5. Do you need any books to prepare for your report?
6. People no longer think of radio and television as something fantastic.
7. It was them who broke the window.
Задание 2. Перепишите предложения, употребите соответствующее местоимение (личное, притяжательное, возвратное, указательное или неопределенное). Переведите предложения.
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1. In what direction do you usually travel? – Western Europe. Join _____.
2. Look at my new watch. Do you like _____?
3. Speaking about your new watch, _____ price is higher than _____ quality.
4. Alice never goes to the hairdresser; she cuts her hair _____.
5. I have never seen that man before. Have you seen.....?
6. What is your attitude to _____ phenomena, shown in that TV program?
7. Are there _____ English books in your library?
8. I don’t know _____ about your town. Can you tell me _____ about it.
9. There is _____ tea in the cup, the cup is empty.
10. Can anybody answer this question? – The question is too difficult. _____ can answer it.
Задание 3. Перепишите предложения, употребите, где необходимо, подходящий по смыслу предлог. Переведите предложения.
1. Michael was born _____ 1982.
2. I have my gym class _____ Wednesdays.
3. There were a lot of people _____ the party.
4. Mr Smith's office is _____ the second floor.
5. Let’s go _____ the cinema.
6. _____ next week I’ll go to Moscow.
Задание 4. Перепишите предложения, употребите глагол to be в нужной форме Simple. Переведите предложения.
1. _____ their _____ anything interesting on TV tonight?.
2. My father _____ a locomotive driver.
3. We _____ engineers after graduating from the University.
4. My friends _____ always glad to see me.
5. _____ his mother an architect?
6. They _____ in Moscow last month.
7. There _____ some pictures on the wall.
8. _____ there a monument in the centre of the town in 1995?
9. _____ she _____ at university at 9 tomorrow? – Yes, she _____.
10. _____ you a first-year student? – Yes, I _____.
Задание 5. Перепишите предложения, употребите глагол to have в нужной форме Simple. Переведите предложения.
1. We _____ a lot of free time.
2. ____ you _____ an English textbook?
3. They _____ two lectures yesterday.
4. How many lectures _____ you _____ tomorrow?
5. She _____ only two exams in January.
6. We _____ two English classes today.
7. My friend _____ a comfortable flat soon.
8. They _____ no classes on Monday.
9. _____ your sister _____ a large family. – Yes, she _____.
10. _____ you _____ a good time last weekend? – Yes, we _____.
Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните сказуемое, определите видо-временную форму глагола, укажите форму инфинитива. Переведите предложения.
Пример:
I’ m writing a test now. (Present Continuous Active, to write)
Я пишу сейчас тест.
1. My friend goes to the library every Friday.
2. What is your mother doing now? – She is cooking dinner.
3. She did not watch TV yesterday.
4. What will you prepare for breakfast tomorrow?
5. When we returned home, our mother was sleeping.
6. I have never been to the Hermitage.
7. They had passed all the exams by the 20th of January.
8. Some students will be permitted to take exams in December.
9. By the time he come, we will have finished our work.
10. He does not play the piano, he plays the guitar.
Задание 7. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. You may take my English book.
2. We were able to finish the work in time.
3. They had to wait for the dean.
4. You must see this film: it is more interesting than the one shown yesterday.
5. We are allowed to go home.
6. He will be free tomorrow and he will be able to help you.
7. If you borrow money from the bank you have to pay interest.
8. It is quite clear to everybody in his family that he should start getting ready for his examinations.
9. Not long ago chemists developed new materials that could withstand high temperatures.
10. You don’t have to pay for children.
Задание 8. Перепишите предложения, употребите подходящий по смыслу модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. She can’t help you now but _____ help you tomorrow.
2. The policeman told the woman: ‘You _____ not worry. Everything will be OK’.
3. I’ll _____ to work hard to pass this exam.
4. _____ I look some words up in the dictionary?
5. You feel bad, you _____ see a doctor.
Задание 9. Составьте вопросы к данным предложениям таким образом, чтобы подчеркнутое слово/ словосочетание было ответом на ваш вопрос. Вопрос переведите.
1. The work can be done in three days.
2. He had finished all his work yesterday by eight o’clock.
3. He told us a very interesting story.
4. The article will be translated at the lesson.
5. Moscow is visited by many tourists.
Задание 10. Перепишите предложения. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. The study of theory is accompanied by practical training.
2. I had to get up early yesterday.
3. They were to arrive at seven o’clock.
4. She has just passed her History exam.
5. Our company is doing well now.
Задание 11. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
NET ORIGIN
1. In the 1960s, researchers began experimenting with linking computers. They wanted to see if computers in different locations could be linked using a new technology known as packet switching. This technology, in which data meant for another location is broken up into little pieces, each with its own “forwarding address” had the promise of letting several users share just one communications line. Their goal was not the creation of today’s international computer-using community, but the development of a data network that could survive a nuclear attack.
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2. Previous computer networking efforts had required a line between each computer on the network, sort of like a one-track train route. The packet system allowed to create data highway. Each packet was given the computer equivalent of a map and a time stamp, so that it could be sent to the right destination, where it would then be reassembled into a message the computer or a human could use.
This system allowed computers to share data and researchers to exchange electronic mail, or e-mail. In itself, e-mail was something of a revolution, offering the ability to send detailed letters at the speed of a phone call.
3. As this system grew, some college students developed a way to use it to conduct online conferences. These started as science-oriented discussions, but they soon branched out into virtually every other field, as people recognized the power of being able to “talk” to hundreds, or even thousands, of people around the country.
4. In the 1980s, this network of networks, which became known as the Internet, expanded at a phenomenal rate. Hundreds, then thousands of colleges, research companies and government agencies began to connect their computers to this worldwide Net. Some companies unwilling to pay the high costs of the Internet access (or unable to meet strict government regulations for access) learned how to link their own systems to Internet, even if “only” for e-mail and conferences. Some of these systems began offering access to the public. Now anybody with a computer and modem, persistence and a small amount of money could tap into the world.
Задание 12. Переведите предложения. Определите, являются ли данные утверждения
a) истинными,
b) ложными,
c) в тексте нет информации.
Подтвердите это цитатой из текста.
1. Students can reach library resources through the Internet.
2. E-mailing gave people the opportunity to send letters at the speed of a phone call.
3. Some college students began experimenting with linking computers in the 1960s.
4. A packet switching technology was designed to create a computer-using community.
Задание 13. Переведите предложения. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
1. Highway systems created, worldwide Net could be expanded at a phenomenal rate.
2. Some systems of public access to Internet are not too expensive for their users.
Задание 14. Ответьте на вопрос:
What is the main advantage of the packet system?
Задание 15. Определите основную идею текста, ваш ответ переведите.
1. The main advantage of this system is in the fact that it helped to create many-track data route.
2. The main advantage of this system is in the fact that it supports the development of new projects.
3. The main advantage of this system is in the fact that it serves as a means of surviving nuclear attacks.
4. The main advantage of this system is in the fact that it doesn’t allow numerous users to share a communication line.
ВАРИАНТ 3
Задание 1. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод местоимений. Подчеркните местоимение в английском предложении и его перевод.
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1. This news is rather frustrating.
2. If we believe in ourselves, we can accomplish our goals.
3. This is an article that deals with some environmental problems.
4. Are there any pictures in your book?
5. There are no people in the park because it is cold.
6. By means of satellites we can communicate with any country of the world.
7. It was M. Lomonosov who founded Moscow University.
Задание 2. Перепишите предложения, употребите соответствующее местоимение (личное, притяжательное, возвратное, указательное или неопределенное). Переведите предложения.
1. They have a house in the country. On holiday I’m going to stay in _____ house.
2. They seem to be good guys. What do you have against _____?
3. If the news is bad, I don’t want hear _____ right now.
4. The company has offices in many places, but _____ head office is in New York.
5. I am not angry with you. I am angry with _____.
6. I don’t like this piece of cake. Give me _____ one, please.
7. Are there _____ pictures in your book? – Yes, there are _____.
8. Give me _____ interesting to read, please.
9. Where is the book? – It is on the table. – No, there is _____ there.
10. Do you know _____ in this group?
Задание 3. Перепишите предложения, употребите, где необходимо, подходящий по смыслу предлог. Переведите предложения.
1. Moira's birthday is _____ September 24.
2. I got up _____ 6am this morning.
3. Are you doing anything special _____ the weekend?
4. He usually leaves home _____ the morning and comes back late _____ night.
5. _____ last summer we spent our holiday in France.
6. He returned _____ Moscow yesterday.
Задание 4. Перепишите предложения, употребите глагол to be в нужной форме Simple. Переведите предложения.
1. His parents _____ pensioners.
2. I _____ an engineer, and my sister _____ a doctor.
3. There _____ many trees in our yard.
4. _____ therea sports centre in your town? – Yes, there _____.
5. My brother _____ a student two years ago.
6. They _____ out of town last Sunday.
7. _____ you a teacher or a doctor?
8. _____ you _____ here next weekend? – Yes, I _____.
9. I _____ busy tomorrow.
10. _____ you at the exhibition yesterday? – No, I _____.
Задание 5. Перепишите предложения, употребите глагол to have в нужной форме Simple. Переведите предложения.
1. He _____ a good library at home.
2. _____ your university _____ a gym?
3. You _____ two English classes next week.
4. They _____ wonderful flowers in their garden last summer.
5. I _____ a terrible headache.
6. He _____ a new car next month.
7. I _____ not _____ a holiday in summer. I worked.
8. _____ you _____ dinner with me next Friday?
9. _____ he _____ any brothers or sisters? – No, he _____.
10. _____ you _____ a lot of work to do today? – Yes, I _____.
Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните сказуемое, определите видо-временную форму глагола, укажите форму инфинитива. Переведите предложения.
Пример:
I’ m writing a test now. (Present Continuous Active, to write)
Я пишу сейчас тест.
1. We were translating the article when he came.
2. As a rule I go to the library every week.
3. We have just got this letter.
4. She will have done her work by four o’clock.
5. He is sitting in the armchair and watching TV.
6. I have already cooked dinner.
7. The doctor was sent for.
8. My car will have been repaired by Thursday.
9. If the weather is cold, we will put on our coats.
10. The new exhibition of this artist is being visited actively.
Задание 7. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Fire may be started by rubbing together two sticks of wood.
2. If you are traveling by air, you mustn’t carry anything in your luggage that could be used as a weapon, such as a knife or a pair of scissors.
3. Jack has already cleaned his bicycle so he won’t have to do it tomorrow.
4. Before Newton no one could explain why the planets moved around the Sun.
5. They will be able to train much on Sundays.
6. We had to go there by bus.
7. Are you allowed to go home a little earlier?
8. He must be in his office now.
9. We were able to do this work by ourselves, it was easy.
10. We are to discuss this issue at the meeting.
Задание 8. Перепишите предложения, употребите подходящий по смыслу модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. How many languages _____ you speak?
2. David is well. He _____ (not) take this medicine.
3. I ____ pass my last examination well because I was well-prepared.
4. Drivers _____ stop when they see the red light.
5. The manager is out. You will _____ come here again.
Задание 9. Составьте вопросы к данным предложениям таким образом, чтобы подчеркнутое слово/ словосочетание было ответом на ваш вопрос. Вопрос переведите.
1. The magazine is illustrated with a lot of pictures.
2. Their scientific report will have been published by the end of December.
3. He goes to the gym every Thursday.
4. Our problem must be settled as soon as possible.
5. When I came to this town, this house was being built.
Задание 10. Перепишите предложения. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. The work was done perfectly.
2. Measures are being taken to save Lake Baikal.
3. What did you have to do yesterday?
4. They will have to repair their car.
5. I had no time to go there.
Задание 11. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
AIR POLLUTION
1. Air pollution is a chemical, physical, or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. Worldwide air pollution is responsible for large numbers of deaths and cases of respiratory disease. While major stationary sources are often identified with air pollution, the greatest source of emissions is actually made up by mobile sources, mainly the automobiles.
2. The World Health Organization thinks that 4.6 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution. The health effects can result in increased medication use, increased doctor or emergency room visits, more hospital admissions and premature death. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, the individual's health status and genetics. People who exercise outdoors, for example, on hot, smoggy days increase their exposure to pollutants in the air.
3. There are many air pollution control technologies and urban planning strategies available to reduce air pollution; however, worldwide costs of addressing the issue are high. Of course, these costs are a small fraction of the economic damage that air pollution will inflict on every nation of earth.
4. Many countries are debating how to reduce dependence on fossil fuels for energy production and shift toward renewable energy technologies or nuclear power plants. Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation, expanding regulation to new sources, increased fuel efficiency, conversion to cleaner fuels, or conversion to electric vehicles with renewable energy sources.
Задание 12. Переведите предложения. Определите, являются ли данные утверждения
a) истинными,
b) ложными,
c) в тексте нет информации.
Подтвердите это цитатой из текста.
1. Ozone depletion is one of the outcomes of air pollution.
2. It is estimated that millions of deaths each year are caused by air pollution.
3. To decrease their exposure to pollutants in the air people should exercise outdoors on hot, smoggy days.
4. Industrial development could impact certain species by air pollution.
Задание 13. Переведите предложения. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
1. Air pollution causes different health problems and early deaths.
2. Many countries undertake efforts to enhance the usage of non-polluting energy sources.
Задание 14. Ответьте на вопрос:
What sources are considered to be major air pollutants?
Задание 15. Определите основную идею текста, ваш ответ переведите.
1. Reduction of air pollution from mobile sources is currently discussed in many countries.
2. Air pollution modifies the atmosphere on our planet.
3. Air pollution control technologies are very costly.
4. Air pollution damages life on the Earth.
