2020-05-21
1012
1) Which branch of chemistry deals with the study of materials not derived from living organisms?
2) Which branch of chemistry studies the behaviour of a chemical substance in the presence of a magnetic field?
3) What is the study of substances containing carbon called?
4) What other branches of chemistry do you know?
5) By whom were antibiotics prepared?
III. Fill in the gaps with suitable words given below.
1) Diamagnetic substances are... by a magnetic field.
2) Much of the work of the biochemist is concerned with... and medicines.
3)... is the process whereby electrical energy causes a chemical change in the conducting medium.
4) Electrolysis is generally used as a method of deposition of metals from....
5) The theory of... reactions is a major discovery of our time.
6) The close links between the science and industry... the chemical industry to make great progress.
7) Zelinsky's works formed the basis for the synthesizing of a large number of new chemical....
8) Scientists are making a major contribution to... of aniline dyes.
9) There are more than 30 different... of chemistry.
10) Diamagnetic substances have no... electrons.
Production, repelled, unpaired, solution, foodstuffs, compounds, enabled, branches, electrolysis, chain.
IV. Make up sentences out of these words.
1) And, phenol, an original method, acetone, our scientists, simultaneously, benzene, and, evolved, from, extracting, propylene, of.
2) Substance, field, the study, in the presence, behaviour, chemical, magnetochemistry, of, of, is, a, of, a, magnetic.
3) World-wide, this, to, scientists, recognition, much, due, research, credit, our, is, whose, won, has.
4) Other, needed, manufacture, textile fibers, plastics, acetone, and, are, organic glass, for, the, products, of, and, chemical, phenol.
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5) Physics, chemistry, parts, linked, which, concerned, are, closely, with, with, physical, chemistry, is, those, of.
V. Translate into English.
1) Наши ученые разработали новый метод обработки металлов.
2) Биохимики внесли большой вклад в производство антибиотиков.
3) Электрохимия связана с изучением отношений между электрической энергией и химическими изменениями.
4) Русские ученые основали большое количество современных отраслей химической промышленности.
5) Они не знают состава этого соединения.
6) Советский союз был первым государством, которое организовало крупномасштабное производство синтетического каучука.
7) Этот ученый определил физические и физико-химические условия необходимые для промышленного производства и обработки полимерных материалов.
Unit 2. SYMBOLS, FORMULAS AND EQUATIONS
Each of the presently known chemical elements is given a symbol which usually is derived from the name of the element. The symbol of oxygen is O, of hydrogen is H, of helium He, of copper Cu, of sodium Na, of plutonium Pu. Groups of symbols called formulas are used to designate compounds. The formula for water is H2O, for carbon dioxide CO2, for sulphuric acid H2SO4.These symbols and formulas are used to indicate chemical fractions. For example:
2H2O → 2H2 + O2 (statement: water decomposes to form hydrogen and oxygen)
VOCABULARY
| symbol -символ equation –уравнение presently -в настоящее время to derive –происходить copper (Cu) -медь sodium (Na) –натрий to designate –обозначать | carbon dioxide C02 –двуокись углерода sulphuric acid H2S04 –серная кислота to indicate –указывать, означать statement –формулировка to decompose –разлагаться (на составные части) |
INORGANIC MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS
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Simple diatomic molecules of a single element are designated by the symbol for the element with a subscript 2, indicating that it contains 2 atoms. Thus the hydrogen molecule is H2; the nitrogen molecule, N2; and the oxygen molecule, O2. Polyatomic molecules of a single element are designated by the symbol for the element with a numerical subscript corresponding to the number of atoms in the molecule. Examples are the phosphorus molecule, P4, and the sulphur molecule, S8.
Diatomic covalent molecules, containing unlike elements are given similar designation. The formula for hydrogen chloride is HCl. The more electropositive element is always designated first in the formula.
For polyatomic covalent molecules containing unlike elements, numerical subscriptions are used to designate number of atoms of each element present in the molecule, for example, water, H2O. Again, as in diatomic molecules, more electropositive element is placed first in the formula.
VOCABULARY
| molecule –молекула diatomic -двухатомный single –единичный subscript –подстрочный индекс polyatomic -многоатомный numerical –числовой corresponding -соответствующий | sulphur –cepa covalent -ковалентный unlikе –различный similar –подобный hydrogen chloride -хлористый водороод electropositive -электроположительный |
PERIODIC LAW
One of the cornerstones of modern chemical theory is
the Periodic Law. It can be simply stated as follows: The properties of the elements are a periodic function of the nuclear charges of their atoms.
In 1869 Mendeleyev arrived at the conclusion that by the arrangement of the elements in order of increasing atomic weight the similarity and periodicity of properties of various, valence groups of the elements were clearly delineated.
There were several vacant spaces in Mendeleyev's table which led him to predict the existence of six undiscovered elements, (scandium, gallium, germanium, polonium etc). His confidence in the new classification was clearly expressed in the predictions which he made of the chemical properties of these missing elements. And within fifteen years gallium, scandium and germanium were discovered.
Although this table has been modified hundreds of times, it has withstood the onslaught of all new facts. Isotopes, rare gases, atomic numbers, and electron configurations have only strengthened the idea of the periodicity of the properties of the elements.
VOCABULARY
| Periodic Law –периодический закон cornerstone –краеугольный камень to state –формулировать as follows –следующим образом nuclear charge –ядерный заряд to arrive at a conclusion –прийти к заключению arrangement –расположение in order of increasing atomic weight –в порядке возрастания атомного веса similarity ['simiylaeriti] cxofl- valence group –валентная группа to delineate -очерчивать vacant space –свободное место to predict -предсказывать existence -существование | confidence -уверенность to express –выражать prediction -предсказание missing -отсутствующий within –в течение to modify -видоизменять to withstand –выдерживать onslaught –появление isotope –изотоп rare gases –редкие газы electron configuration –электронная конфигурация to strengthen -укреплять |
EXERCISES
