2020-07-01
124
The significance of studying the topic: familiarization with groups of antimicrobial drugs, widely used in a variety of infectious diseases.
The purpose of the lesson: to study the pharmacology and toxicology of the group of drugs with the use of illustrative material, to characterize the indications and contraindications for their use, to master the prescription of drugs.
Basic sections for repetition: classification of microorganisms, the concept of gram-positive and gram-negative flora, bactericidal and bacteriostatic action; characteristics of the causative agent of tuberculosis, the social significance of tuberculosis prevention; the rules of prescribing drugs.
Medicines and questions for preparation for the lesson
Drugs:
Tetracyclines: tetracycline, doxycycline.
Group of chloramphenicol: chloramphenicol.
Aminoglycosides: neomycin, gentamycin, tobramycin, sisomycin, amikacin.
Different groups: polymyxin M, clindamycin, vancomycin, teicoplanine, fusafungin.
Antituberculosis drugs: streptomycin, kanamycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, aminosalicylic acid.
Theoretical questions to prepare for the lesson
1. Tetracyclines. Classification, spectrum, type and mechanism of action. Routes of administration, pharmacokinetics. Indications for use. Side effects and toxic effects.
2. Chloramphenicol. Spectrum, type and mechanism of action. Routes of administration, pharmacokinetics. Indications for use. Complications.
3. Aminoglycosides. Classification, spectrum, type and mechanism of action. Routes of administration, pharmacokinetics. Indications for use. Side effects and toxic effects.
4. Glycopeptides (vancomycin, teicoplanine) and lincosamides (clindamycin). Mechanism of action, spectrum and application.
5. Antibiotics of different chemical structure (polymyxin, fusidic acid and fusafungin). mechanism of action, spectrum, applications.
|
|
|
6. Antituberculous drugs. Classification (activity and origin). Principles of chemotherapy of tuberculosis. Mechanism and type of action, spectrum, pharmacokinetics; indications and contraindications for use; side effects and their correction:
- characteristics of group A (isoniazid, rifampicin), the need to combine isoniazid with vitamins gr. B (pyridoxine, thiamine);
- characteristics of group B (streptomycin, kanamycin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide), the danger of appointment of aminoglycosides in pregnancy, kidney diseases, hearing disorders and myasthenia gravis;
- characteristics of drugs group C (aminosalicylic acid); the ability to prolong the action of isoniazid.
7. Combined and alternative (fluoroquinolones, amikacin, etc.) antituberculosis drugs.
PHARMACEUTICAL FORMS AND DOSES
| INN | Drug forms | Method of application | ||
| Tetracyclinе | 100 mg tablets | 1-2 tablets 4 times a day after meals | ||
| 1% eye ointment 10 grams | Lay behind the lower eyelid 3-5 times a day | |||
| 3% ointment 15 grams | Apply on the affected skin 1-2 times a day | |||
| Doxycycline | 100 mg tablets (capsules) | The first day 1 capsules 2 times, next day’s 1 capsule once a day. | ||
| 100 and 200 mg in ampoules | Inject I.V. 200 mg in 200-400 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution once a day | |||
| Chloramphenicol | 250 and 500 mg tablets (capsules) | 1-2 tablets (caps.) 3-4 times a day 30 minutes before meals | ||
| 0,25% solution in 10 ml vials | 1 drop in both eyes 3 times a day | |||
| 1% alcohol solution in 25 ml vial | Apply on the affected skin 2-3 times a day | |||
| Gentamycin | Solution 40 mg/ml in 1 and 2 ml amp. | Inject I.M. 1-2 ml 2-3 times a day | ||
| 0,1% ointment 10 grams | Lubricate the affected skin 2-3 times a day | |||
| Tobramycin | Solution 40 mg/ml in 2 ml amp. | Inject I.M. 2 ml (I.V. drip in 50-100 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution) 2-3 times a day | ||
| 0,3% solution in 5 ml vial | 1-2 drops in both eyes 4-6 times a day | |||
| Sisomycin | Solution 50 mg/ml in 1 ml amp. | Inject I.M. 1-2 ml twice a day | ||
| 0,3% solution in 5 ml vial | 1-2 drops in both eyes 4-6 times a day | |||
| Amikacin | Solution 250 mg/ml in 2 ml amp. | Inject I.M. 2 ml (I.V. drip in 200 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution) 2 times a day | ||
| 500 and 1000 mg in 10 ml vials | Inject I.M. 500 (1000) mg twice a day | |||
| Vancomycin | 500 and 1000 mg in vials | Inject I.V. drip 500 (1000) mg in 200 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution 2-4 times a day | ||
| Clindamycin | 150 and 300 mg capsules | 1 capsule 4 times a day | ||
| Solution 150 mg/ml in 2 ml amp. | Inject I.M. (I.V. slowly) 2 ml 2-3 times a day | |||
| 100 mg suppositories | Insert in vagina 1 suppository before bedtime | |||
| 1% gel 30 grams | Apply on the affected skin 2-3 times a day | |||
| 2% vaginal cream 20 grams | 5 grams in the vagina with an applicator at night | |||
| Isoniazid
| 100; 200 and 300 mg tablets | 1 tablet 1-3 times a day | ||
| Sol. 100 mg/ml in 10 ml amp. | Inject I.M. (I.V. slowly) 5 ml once a day | |||
| Rifampicin | 150; 300 and 600 mg capsules | 1-2 capsules once a day before meals | ||
| Streptomycin | 500 and 1000 mg in 10 ml vials | Inject I.M. 500 (1000) mg in 2-4 ml of water pro injections twice a day | ||
| Kanamycin | 500 and 1000 mg in 10 ml vials | Inject I.M. 500 (1000) mg in 2-4 ml of water pro injections twice a day | ||
| Ethambutol | 100; 200; 400 and 600 mg tablets | 1 tablet once a day | ||
| Pyrazinamidе | 250; 500 and 1000 mg tablets | 1500-2000 mg once a day | ||
| Aminosalicylic acid | 500 and 1000 mg tablets | 3-6 tablets 3 times a day after meals |
