A crucial element of all research degrees is the review of relevant literature. So important is this chapter that its omission represents a void or absence of a major element in research (Afolabi 1992). According to Bourner (1996) there are good reasons for spending time and effort on a review of the literature before embarking on a research project. These reasons include:
- To identify gaps in the literature
- To avoid reinventing the wheel (at the very least this will save time and it can stop you from making the same mistakes as others)
- To carry on from where others have already reached (reviewing the field allows you to build on the platform of existing knowledge and ideas)
- To identify other people working in the same fields (a researcher network is a valuable resource)
- To increase your breadth of knowledge of your subject area
- To identify seminal works in your area
- To provide the intellectual context for your own work, enabling you to position your project relative to other work
- To identify opposing views
- To put your work into perspective
- To demonstrate that you can access previous work in an area
- To identify information and ideas that may be relevant to your project
- To identify methods that could be relevant to your project
As far as the literature review process goes, ultimately the goal for students is to complete their review in the allocated time and to ensure they can maintain currency in their field of study for the duration of their research (Bruce 1990).
THE PROCESS OF PRODUCTION OF THE RESULTS OF YOUR REVIEW
Be sure to check with your professor about instructions for class papers, theses, and dissertations that may differ from this guide.
I will discuss the processes of analysis, synthesis, reflection, discussion, conclusions and planning. These are processes in which we engage daily prioritising our tasks and deciding what to do next. Business analysis involves identifying the causes and determining the solutions to business problems; for synthesis, compile information together in a different way by combining elements in a new pattern or proposing alternative solutions; production of a plan, or proposed set of operations. In much of academic business writing, a theoretical or topological model proposes things that should be done to avoid problems in diverse organisations, and provides directions for correction of problems.
Learning how to determine the relevance and authority of a given resource for your research is one of the core skills of the research process. For more assistance with the research process, consult your instructor or a reference librarian.
GIVING NAMES TO THE PROCESSES
“Synthesis of information is something we do every day” (Drew University On-Line Resources for Writers)
“Whenever you report to a friend the things several other friends have said about a film or CD you engage in synthesis.”
In business, “Whether one is proposing to open a new store or expand a product line, the report that must inevitably be written will synthesize information and arrange it by topic rather than by source.”
For university papers, “Your primary purpose is to show readers that you are familiar with the field and are thus qualified to offer your own opinions. But your larger purpose is to show that in spite of all this wonderful research, no one has addressed the problem in the way that you intend to in your paper. This gives your synthesis a purpose, and even a thesis of sorts.”
An excellent source: For a thorough discussion see Drew University On-Line Resources for Writers: http://www.users.drew.edu/sjamieso/synthesis.html
The following cut & pasted from:
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/huff/classes/Conflict/analysis.html
by Chuck Huff, Professor of Psychology, St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota, USA
Some hints on how to make your analysis paper excellent
Students are often frustrated when I mark their papers "please give more detail." I admit the comment doesn't tell you much about what sort of detail I would like to see (but it does fit in the margin nicely). Here is a guide to the kinds of ways one can add "detail" to a paper without simply repeating yourself.
Allan Bloom has posited a "taxonomy of educational objectives" that helps us discriminate different kinds of detail. Underneath each of these sorts of detail, I give an explanation of it and an example. Each single example sentence would never stand by itself in a paper, but represents what might be the topic sentence of a paragraph. Stuff towards the top of this list is detail that is less impressive than stuff towards the bottom.
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Caution
When you’re reading publications other than the original source by the original author, remember this quote from Socrates:
“Once a thing is put into writing, the composition, whatever it may be, drifts all over the place, getting into the hands not only of those who understand it, but equally of those who have no business with it; it doesn’t know to address the right people and not to address the wrong. And when it is ill-treated and unfairly abused it always needs the help of its parent [i.e., the author] to come to its help, being unable to defend or help itself.” – Socrates, Phaedrus (275e), trans. Hackforth
See also: James G. Hunt, George E. Dodge, Leadership deja vu all over again, The Leadership Quarterly, Volume 11, Issue 4, Winter 2000, Pages 435-458.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W5N-42Y1649-2&_user=860968&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000046400&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=860968&md5=4dcc3ffb139f87f070e5818a4064da29
Another useful quote to remember: “Some of the research literature on almost every topic is misleading or trivial.” -- http://www.gwu.edu/~litrev/
Some Sources That May be of Use
Drew University On-Line Resources for Writers: http://www.users.drew.edu/sjamieso/synthesis.html
Cooper, Harris; Hedges, Larry V.; Valentine, Jeffrey C. (2009). The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis, Russell Sage Foundation. (Auckland University of Technology Location: City Campus Main Collection, Call Number: 001.42 HAN
Good tutorials concerning literature reviews are available at these websites:
http://www.gwu.edu/~litrev/