2020-09-24
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| I. Перекладіть словосполучення: Основні органи організму людини Складатися з голови, тулуба та кінцівок Органи нюху та зору Бути вкритим шкірою Розташовуватися в роті Дихати через ніс З Захищати органи від ушкоджень Тверде і м’яке піднебіння Зап’ясток та кисть Підтримувати м’які частини тіла Нирки і жовчний міхур Печінка та селезінка Стравохід і шлунок II. Дайте відповіді на наступні запитання: What are the principal parts of the human body? What are the principal organs in the chest? What organs does the abdomen include? What does the upper extremity consist of? What supports soft parts and protects organs from injury? Розкрийте поняття:булова тіла, голова | |
| SKELETON | |
Exercise 1. Learn the new words:
| bone marrow | [bəʊn ˈmærəʊ] | кістковий мозок |
| breastbone | [ˈbrɛstˌbəʊn] | грудина |
| cartilage | [ˈkɑːtɪlɪdʒ] | хрящ |
| cervical | [ˈsɜːvɪkəl] | шийний |
| cranium | [ˈkreɪnɪəm] | черепна коробка |
| cranial | [ˈkreɪnɪəl] | черепний |
| coccyx | [ˈkɒksɪks] | куприк |
| facial | [ˈfeɪʃəl] | лицевий |
| fibers | [faɪbəz] | волокна |
| fused | ['fju:zd] | зрощений |
| girdle | [ˈɡɜːdl] | пояс |
| joint | [dʒɔɪnt] | суглоб |
| ligament | [ˈlɪgəmənt] | зв'язка |
| lumbar | [ˈlʌmbə] | поперековий |
| mandible | [’mændɪbəl] | нижня щелепа |
| marrow cavity | [ˈmærəʊ ˈkævɪtɪ] | кістково-мозкова порожнина |
| pelvis | [ˈpɛlvɪs] | таз |
| rib | [rɪb] | ребро |
| sacrum | [ˈseɪkrəm] | крижі (крестец) |
| spinal cord | ['spainǝl 'kɔ:d] | спинний мозок |
| spine (spinal column) | [spaɪn] [ˈspaɪnəl ˈkɒləm] | спинний хребет, хребетний стовп |
| sternum | ['stɜ:nǝm] | грудина |
| tendon | [ˈtɛndən] | сухожилля |
| thoracic | [θɔːˈræsɪk] | грудний |
| vertebra (pl. vertebrae) | [ˈvɜːtɪbrə] [ˈvɜːtɪbrɪ] | Хребець хребці |
| warehouse | ['weər‚haʋs] | склад, сховище |
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Exercise 2. Read the word combinations and sentences with the new words and translate them into Ukrainian:
1. Сranial: cranial bones; cerebro-cranial symptom; cranial nerves; cranial radiograph; cranial X-ray.The bones of the skull consist of cranial and facial parts.
2. Facial: anterior facial vein; bones of the facial skeleton; facial bones; facial asymmetry; facial muscles.The facial bones are the bones of the anterior and lower skull.
3. Cervical: cervical artery; cervical glands; cervical nerves; cervical vertebra; deep cervical vein. There are seven cervical vertebrae in the spine.
4. Thoracic: long thoracic artery; thoracic aorta; thoracic bones; thoracic cavity; thoracic organs.Thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the spinal column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae.
5. Lumbar: lumbar vein; lumbar part of spinal cord; lumbar puncture; lumbar region; lumbar vertebrae. The lumbar vertebrae are five vertebrae that make up the spine in the lower back.
Exercise 3. Write in words (all the words are from the text below) and translate into Ukrainian:
[ˌæpənˈdɪkjʊlə], [kəmˈpraɪz], [ˈfiːmə], [spaɪn], [ˈkɑːtɪlɪdʒ], [ˈsteɪpiːz], [ˈmʌsəl], [ˈvɜːtɪbrə], [ˈkɒksɪks], [θɔːˈræsɪk], [ˈlɪgəmənt], [ˈseikrəl], [ˈbrɛstˌbəʊn], [ˈlʌmbə], [ˈæksɪəl], [ɪkˈstrɛmɪtɪ], [ˈkælsɪəm], [ˈmærəʊ], [ˈkævɪtɪ], [skʌl], [ˈkreɪnɪəl], [ˈsɜːvɪkəl], [θaɪ], [ˈfoːraːm], [ˈtɛndən], [ˈfeɪʃəl]
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Exercise 4. Give adjectives for the following nouns (you will need to use a dictionary!):
| noun | adjective | noun | adjective |
| bone | cartilage | ||
| spine | ligament | ||
| skeleton | muscle | ||
| vertebra | cell | ||
| pelvis | blood |
Exercise 5. Read the word combinations and translate them into Ukrainian:
To be made up of many cells, to enclose and protect the spinal cord, a long curved bone, costal cartilages, the superior portion of the skull, to protect the brain from damage, facial bones, to be connected with the sternum, the hollow space inside of bones, red bone marrow, constant growth and development, to attach the skeletal muscles, twelve pairs of ribs, to provide support and flexibility, to move the limbs, the body’s warehouse for calcium.
Exercise 6. Read and translate the sentences in Passive. Transform them into Active:
1) The spinal cord is protected by the spine.
2) The trunk and the head are connected by the neck.
3) The human body is covered by the skin.
4) Ribs are connected with the sternum by costal cartilages.
5) The human skeleton was studied by many scientists.
6) The functions of the skeleton were investigated by ancient physicians.
Exercise 7. Read and translate the text:
THE SKELETON
The skeletal system includes all the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals.
The skeleton in an adult body is made up of 206 individual bones. These bones are classified into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the head and trunk. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, upper extremity, pelvis and lower extremity.
The human vertebral column (spine or backbone) usually consists of 33 vertebrae. They are named by region:
- Cervical (neck) – 7 vertebrae
- Thoracic (chest) – 12 vertebrae
- Lumbar (lower back) – 5 vertebrae
- Sacrum – 5 fused vertebrae
- Coccyx (tailbone) – 3 (3-5) fused vertebrae
The spine encloses and protects the spinal cord.
Humans have 24 ribs (12 pairs). They are long curved bones surrounding the chest. The first seven pairs of ribs are connected with the sternum (breastbone) by costal cartilages.
The skull is composed of 22 bones that are fused together except for the mandible.
The bones of the superior portion of the skull are known as the cranium and protect the brain from damage. The bones of the inferior and anterior portion of the skull are known as facial bones (face) and support the eyes, nose, and mouth.
The skeletal system’s primary function is to support and protect the body's organs and attaches the skeletal muscles. The bones of the axial skeleton protect the internal organs—such as the brain and the heart—from damage caused by external forces. The bones of the appendicular skeleton provide support and flexibility at the joints and attach the muscles that move the limbs. Finally, bones act as the body’s warehouse for calcium, iron, and energy in the form of fat.
The bones of the skeleton are connected together by joints, cartilages, ligaments and tendons.
The biggest bone in the body is the femur in the upper leg, and the smallest is the stapes bone in the middle ear. In an adult, the skeleton comprises around 14% of the total body weight, and half of this weight is water.
The human skeleton takes 20 years before it is fully developed. There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton, a number which varies between individuals and with age - newborn babies have over 270 bones some of which fuse together.
