2020-09-24
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| 1. kidney 2. ureter 3. urethra 4. urinary bladder 5. renal cortex 6. nerves 7. nephron 8. urea 9. urine | a) each of the functional units in the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and its associated tubule, through which the glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as urine; b) a membranous sac in which the urine, excreted from the kidneys, is stored; c) each of a pair of organs in the abdominal cavity of mammals, birds, that excrete urine; d) colorless crystalline compound that is the main nitrogenous breakdown product of protein metabolism in mammals; e) the duct by which urine is conveyed out of the body from the bladder; f) the duct by which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder or the cloaca; g) the outer portion of the kidney containing the glomeruli and the tubules; h) a watery, typically yellowish fluid which contains nitrogen compounds such as urea and other waste substances removed from the blood by the kidneys; i) any of the cordlike bundles of fibers that conduct sensory or motor impulses. |
Exercise 9. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What does the urinary system consist of?
2. What is urine?
3. Where are the kidneys situated?
4. What is the function of nephrons?
5. What is the function of the ureters?
6. Where is the urine stored before it is discharged from the body?
7. What is urethra?
8. What is the function of the urethra?
9. What conveys urine from the kidneys?
10. What is the function of the urinary bladder?
Exercise 10. Translate words given in italics:
1. The urine is stored in сечовий міхур.
2. There are 2 нирки in the human being.
3. Сечовід виводить urine from the kidneys.
4. All urine is виділяється from the body by сечовипускальний канал.
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5. Normal urine is free of бактерії, віруси та грuбки.
6. Ниркова миска is the hollow funnel, into which urine is discharged before entering the ureter.
7. A renal stoneis a solid piece of material that forms in the kidney from substances in the сечі.
8. Nephrons виводять продукти життєдіяльності from the body.
Exercise 11. Find synonyms to the words in italics in the text (sometimes more than 1 word is possible):
to keep the urine in the bladder,
to remove urine from the body,
to carry urine out of the body,
these organs are placed behind the peritoneum,
substances that can be dissolved, absorb substances again,
inflammation of nephrons,
unwanted (unnecessary) materials.
Exercise 12. Find the proper object to the verb and translate it into your native language:
| 1. to excrete | a) muscles in the bladder |
| 2. to alert | b) an infection |
| 3. to regulate | c) urine out of the body |
| 4. to remove | d) food and fluid |
| 5. to consume | e) blood volume and pressure |
| 6. to break down | f) waste substances |
| 7. to maintain | g) nerves in the brain |
| 8. tighten and relax | h) active tissues |
| 9. to filter | i) water balance |
| 10. to cause | k) blood through the nephrons |
Exercise 13. Fill in the gaps with words from the box:
| nephrons urine bladder kidneys wastes urea ureters nerves |
1. ………… in the blood come from the normal breakdown of active tissues.
2. Normal ……………….. contains fluids, salts and waste products.
3. ……………….. usually holds 300-350 ml of urine.
4. ………………………. carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
5. All the blood in our bodies passes through ……………….. several times a day.
6. Urine is formed by ………………….. together with water and other waste substances.
7. A person gets an alarm from the ………………….. in the bladder when it is time to urinate.
8. In humans, a normal kidney contains 800,000 to 1.5 million…………………………
Exercise 14. Find the definitions to the terms mentioned in ex. 13:
1. It filters waste products and urea from the blood.
2. It is composed of waste products and urea and usually averages 1-2 L a day.
3. These are the materials performed as a result of a breakdown of active tissues.
4. It is an organic compound, which is colorless, odorless, solid and highly soluble in water.
5. It is an organ in the pelvis. When empty, it is about the size and shape of a pear.
6. It serves as a natural filter of the blood, and removes wastes, which are transferred to the urinary bladder.
7. They are tubes made of smooth muscle fibers that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
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8. It is a cable-like bundle of fibers (the long projections of neurons) in the peripheral nervous system.
Exercise 15. Agree of contradict the following statements:
1. Urine is stored in the urethra before discharging from the body.
2. A nephron regulates the concentration of water and soluble substances.
3. The urinary bladder is a hollow bean-shaped organ, which discharges urine from the body.
4. The ureters convey the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
5. Kidney is a muscular sac which stores the urine before eliminating it from the body.
6. The urine is discharged from the body through the ureters.
7. Urethra is a tube that connects the kidney and the urinary bladder.
8. The main function of the ureters is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances.
Exercise 16. Translate the sentences into your native language paying attention to Participles:
1. Microorganisms invading the urinary bladder can develop cystitis.
2. Ducts carrying urine to the urinary bladder are called ureters.
3. Urine being a sterile fluid is free from bacteria, viruses and fungi.
4. A nephron eliminating wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure.
5. Being examined by the physician the patient was prescribed antibiotics.
6. Being located in the posterior part of the abdomen the kidneys receive blood from the paired renal arteries.
7. Having asked the patient about his complains the doctor could make a diagnosis of a kidney infection.
8. Having been operated successfully the patient was gradually recovering.
Exercise 17. Read and translate paying attention to the translation of Absolute Participle Construction:
1. The nephron carrying out nearly all of the kidney's functions, its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water.
2. The nephrons in the kidney being inflamed, the patient was administered antibiotics.
3. The patient suffering from pains in the lumber area, urine analyses were made.
4. The patient being admitted to the hospital, the doctor examined him in the reception ward.
5. The patient having been hospitalized, the infection in the renal pelvis was treated several weeks later.
6. The patient having survived the operation well, the danger of peritonitis was eliminated.
7. Cystitis having been proved to result from infection of the urinary bladder.
8. Hypertension complicating the nephritis, the patient was prescribed vasodilators and diuretics.
Exercise 18. Make questions to the underlined words:
1. The human organism can fight against the microorganisms.
2. The doctor has just examined this patient.
3. The administrations were changed to prevent nephritis.
4. The kidneys perform regulation of the body's salt, potassium and acid.
5. Bacteria cause inflammation of the urinary bladder.
6. The bladder is composed of serous, muscular, submucous, and mucous coats.
7. High blood pressure caused kidney damage in this patient.
8. The symptoms of acute pyelonephritis are aching pain in the lumbar region and fever.
