2020-09-24
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| I. Перекладіть словосполучення: виконувати життєві функції надзвичайна здатність регенерації печінкова недостатність довготривале пошкодження компенсувати відсутні функції печінки печінкова артерія та воротна вена шкідливі речовини продукт розпаду гемоглобіну рубцювання тканин бути схильним до захворювання II. Дайте відповіді на питання: What does liver consist of? What functions does liver have? Why is liver prone to infections? Why is liver considered to be vital for survival? What incredible capacity does liver have? III. Розкрийте поняття: Печінка |
| THE URINARY SYSTEM |
Exercise 1.Topic vocabulary:
| alert, v | [ə'lɜ:t] | попереджати |
| breakdown, n | [‘bre͟ɪkdaʊn] | розпад |
| cavernous, adj | ['kævənəs] | печеристий; порожнинний; кавернозний |
| consume, v | [kən'sjuːm] | вживати |
| convey, v | [kən'vei] | перевозити, транспортувати |
| extremity, n | [ɪk'stremətɪ] | полюс (нирки) |
| expand, v | [ik'spænd] | розширювати |
| prostatic, adj | [prɔ'stætik] | простатичний, який відноситься до передміхурової залози |
| renal cortex, n | [ˈriːn(ə)l ˈkɔːtɛks] | коркова речовина нирки |
| renal pelvis, n | [ˈriːn(ə)l ’pɛlvɪs] | (ниркова) миска |
| sphincter, n | ['sficktə] | сфінктер (круговий м'яз, що звужує при скороченні порожній орган) |
| ureter, n | [juǝ'ri:tǝ] | сечовід |
| urethra, n | [jʊǝˈriːθrə] | сечовипускальний канал, уретра |
Exercise 2. Read and translate into your native language:
Ureter: There are 2 ureters in the human body. Ureters convey urine from the kidneys.
Duct: bile duct, obstruction of the urinary ducts.
Convey: convey oxygen from the lungs, convey waste substances from the kidneys.
Urethra: Inflammation of urethra, the difference between male and female urethra. The urethra is the organ of the urinary system.
Urinary bladder: urinary bladder infection, rupture of the urinary bladder. Cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary bladder.
Kidney: two kidneys, inflammation of kidneys, kidney extremity, kidney infection, the enlarged boarders of the kidney.
Exercise 3. Form nouns with the help of suffixes:
–sion/-tion: tourinate, to secrete, to eliminate, to manifest, to expand.
-ment: to improve, to enlarge, to move, to attach, to achieve.
-ance: to appear, to differ, to depend, to maintain, to correspond.
Exercise 4. Translate the word-combinations into your native language:
An upper and lower extremity of the kidney; the renal medulla and the renal pelvis; a triangle-shaped organ; the prostatic, membranous, and cavernous portions; to hold in place by ligaments; to discharge urine from the body; soluble substances and waste products; to convey the urine from the kidneys; excess of water; walls relax and expand; to alert about the time to urinate; bacteria, viruses and fungi; to tighten and relax continually; breakdown of active tissues; to consume food; to eliminate waste substances from the body.
Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:
The Urinary System
The urinary system is a group of organs in the body concerned with filtering out excess of fluid and wastes from the bloodstream. Wastes in the blood come from the normal breakdown of active tissues and from food. The body uses food for energy and self-repairs. After the body has taken what it needs from food, wastes are sent to the blood.
The urinary system keeps the chemicals and water in your body balanced. A type of waste called urea is removed from the blood by the urinary system. Urea is produced when foods containing protein, such as meat, are broken down in the body. Urea is carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys.
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, which secrete the urine, the ureters, or ducts, which convey urine to the urinary bladder, where it is stored for some time; and the urethra, through which it is discharged from the body.
The kidneys are paired bean-shaped organs with two surfaces, two borders, and an upper and lower extremity. There are three major regions of the kidney: the renal cortex, the renal medulla and the renal pelvis. The kidneys are situated in the posterior part of the abdomen, behind the peritoneum. They are covered by the renal capsule. The left kidney is longer and narrower, than the right one.
There are more than 1000000 nephrons in each kidney. The nephron carries out nearly all of the kidney's functions. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. The nephron eliminates waste substances from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. The inflammation of nephrons in the kidneys is called nephritis.
The ureters are two tubes which measure from 25 to 30 cm in length. They convey the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine away from the kidneys. If urine backs up or stands still, a kidney infection can develop.
The urinary bladder is a triangle-shaped, hollow musculomembranous organ. It is located in the lower part of the abdomen and is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The urinary bladder is a temporary storage for the urine. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract to empty it. Nerves in the bladder alert a person when it is time to urinate.
The urethra is a tube that connects the urinary bladder with the outside of the body. Male and female urethra differs in shape and length. Male urethra length varies from 17.5 to 20 cm; and it is divided into three portions, the prostatic, membranous, and cavernous. The female urethra is a narrow membranous canal, about 4 cm. long. The brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, which squeezes urine out of the bladder. At the same time, the brain signals the sphincter muscles to relax to let urine exit the bladder through the urethra. When all the signals occur in the correct order, normal urination occurs. Normal urine is sterile fluid. It contains fluids, salts and waste products, but it is free of bacteria, viruses and fungi.
Exercise 6. Find corresponding equivalents:
| 1. renal pelvis 2. to regulate blood volume and blood pressure 3. kidneys and urinary bladder 4. renal medulla 5. ureter and urethra 6. a temporary storage 7. to discharge urine 8. breakdown of active tissue 9. bacteria, viruses and fungi 10. to be situated behind the peritoneum | 1. сечовід та сечовипускальний канал 2. мозкова речовина нирки 3. розташуватися за очеревиною 4. ниркова миска 5. нирки та сечовий міхур 6. виводити сечу 7. руйнування активних тканин 8. регулювати об’єм крові та тиск 9. бактерії, віруси та грuбки 10. тимчасове зберігання |
Exercise 7. Translate word-combinations into English:
Тимчасове зберігання, виводити продукти життєдіяльності, ниркова миска та мозкова речовина нирки, сечовина, надлишок води, руйнування активних тканин, бактерії та грибки, регулювати об’єм крові та тиск, повідомляти мозок, сечовід та сечовипускальний канал, виділяти сечу, сеча застоюється у сечовому міхурі, вживання їжі та рідини, нормальне сечовиділення, черевна порожнина.
