Exercise 4. Read and translate the following word-combinations

disease: a pulmonary disease, a renal disease, a mental disease, to reveal a disease, to cure a disease;

examination: examination of the patient, proper examination, physical examination, visual examination, instrumental examination;

gland: endocrine gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, parotid gland, glands of internal secretion,;

procedure: an easy procedure, a difficult procedure, a necessary procedure, to administer a procedure, to carry out a procedure on an empty stomach;

symptom: an objective symptom, a subjective symptom, a severe symptom, a mild symptom, the symptoms of pneumonia.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the following word-combinations.

before treating; to establish a diagnosis; to determine the aetiology of the disease; to know well the pathogenesis of the disease; a number of different procedures; history-taking; to include palpation, percussion, auscultation; to consist of urinalysis and blood analysis; to take electrocardiogram; to estimate the physical and mental state; to carry out an examination; to determine the borders of internal organs; fractures and fissures.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text.

Examination of the Patient

Before treating the patient it is necessary to make a correct diagnosis of the disease and to determine its aetiology, i.e. the causes of the disease. The doctor must know the pathogenesis of any disease, i.e. the way and mechanism of its development, as well as the symptoms revealing it.

A number of different procedures is used to establish a diagnosis: history-taking; physical examination, which includes visual examination, palpation, percussion, auscultation; laboratory studies, consisting of urinalysis, blood, sputum and other analyses; instrumental studies: electrocardiograms, X-ray and others.

For determining a disease it is very important to know its symptoms, i.e. the signs of a disease. They are edema, cough, chill, vomiting, fever, haemorrhage, headache, rash, and others. Some of these symptoms are objective, for example, haemorrhage or vomiting, because they are determined by objective study, while others, such as headache or dizziness are subjective, since they are evident only to the patient.

Physical examination is the first objective stage in examination of a patient.

The scheme of the physical examination includes three stages:

- general examination;

- local examination;

- examination of body systems.

On general examination the patient is examined from head to toes: this helps the doctor to estimate the physical and mental state of his patient.

On local examination the doctor examines the patient’s head, eyes, oral cavity, neck, thyroid gland, etc.

During the examination of the body systems the doctor uses palpation and percussion to determine the borders of internal organs. By means of auscultation the doctor can reveal rales in the lungs or heart murmurs.

Blood analysis revealing leukocytosis immediately indicates the presence of inflammation. Urinalyses help to reveal the presence of urinary tract infections. Analysis of sputum can confirm the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Instrumental procedures also help to determine health problems. Electrocardiograms are necessary to monitor the heart work. X-ray usually shows the borders and structure of the internal organs, fractures and fissures, etc.

So, examination of the patient is a complex procedure helping to timely reveal diseases or dysfunctions of any organs and start their treatment.

Exercise 7. Answer the questions.

1. What is it necessary to know to make a correct diagnosis?

2. What kind of procedures are used to establish a diagnosis?

3. What groups can symptoms be divided into?

4. What is the difference between the objective and subjective symptoms?

5. What does the scheme of the physical examination include?

6. What is examined during each stage of physical examination?

7. Why are laboratory analyses important?

8. What does X-ray help to reveal?

Exercise 8. Match the symptoms with their explanations.

1. haemorrhage 2. cough 3. toothache 4. rash 5. fever 6. vomiting 7. chill 8. edema

a) small red spots on the skin b) removal of the contents of the stomach c) feeling of coldness during high fever d) pain in the tooth e) profuse bleeding from injured blood vessels f) accumulation of fluid under the skin or in the body cavities g) high body temperature h) reflex which helps to remove foreign substances and microbes from the airways

Exercise 9. Guess what disease is described.

Model: inflammation of the lungs is pneumonia.

1. inflammation of the kidneys

2. inflammation of the lungs

3. inflammation of the urinary bladder

4. inflammation of bronchi

5. inflammation of the eye conjunctiva

6. pus accumulation around the kidneys

7. lesion in the stomach

8.infection caused by Mycobacteria

Exercise 10. Translate the following word-combinations into English.

комплексна процедура, поставити правильний діагноз (2 синоніми), причина захворювання, походження хвороба, збирання анамнезу, проводити аналіз сечі та мокротиння, перший етап в огляді хворого, оглядати з голови до п’ят, оцінити фізичний та психічний стан хворого, прощупування та простукування, за допомогою прослуховування, виявити хрипи у легенях, спостерігати за роботою серця.

Exercise 11. Put the words into the appropriate column.

muscles, hepatitis, antipyretics, thyroid gland, nausea, analgesics, maxilla, joints, pneumonia, emetics, gingivitis, mandible, cough, hypnotics, gastric ulcer, edema, heart, breathlessness, appendicitis, laxatives, toothache, sedatives, stomatitis, suppositories, rash, antibiotics, bones, pain-killers, cystitis, lungs.