Особенности обеспечения безопасности подъемно-транспортного оборудования (ПТО)

Тема 2.3 Защита человека от опасности механического травматизма.

1.Безопасные приемы выполнения работ с ручным инструментом.           

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

Приказ Минтруда России от 17.08.2015 г. № 552н, для организации безопасной работы с инструментами и приспособлениями.

К самостоятельной работе с ручным инструментом допускаются лица не моложе 18 лет, прошедшие медицинское освидетельствование, вводный инструктаж, обучение и стажировку на рабочем месте, проверку знаний требований охраны труда, имеющие группу по электробезопасности не ниже I и соответствующую квалификацию.
Работник обязан:

1. Выполнять только ту работу, которая определена рабочей или должностной инструкцией.

2. Выполнять правила внутреннего трудового распорядка.

3. Правильно применять средства индивидуальной и коллективной защиты.

4. Соблюдать требования охраны труда.

5. Немедленно извещать своего непосредственного руководителя о любой ситуации, угрожающей жизни и здоровью людей, о каждом несчастном случае, происшедшем на производстве, или об ухудшении состояния своего здоровья, в том числе о проявлении признаков острого профессионального заболевания (отравления).

6. Проходить обучение безопасным методам и приемам выполнения работ и оказанию первой помощи пострадавшим на производстве, инструктаж по охране труда, проверку знаний требований охраны труда.

7. Проходить обязательные периодические медицинские осмотры (обследования), а также проходить внеочередные медицинские осмотры (обследования) по направлению работодателя в случаях, предусмотренных Трудовым кодексом и иными федеральными законами.

8. Уметь оказывать первую помощь пострадавшим от электрического тока и при других несчастных случаях.

9. Уметь применять первичные средства пожаротушения.

При работе с ручным инструментом возможно действия следующих опасных и вредных производственных факторов:

· движение машин и механизмов;

· повышенное значение напряжения в электрической цепи, замыкание которой может произойти через тело человека;

· повышенная или пониженная температура воздуха рабочей зоны;

· повышенная влажность воздуха;

· расположение рабочего места на значительной высоте относительно поверхности земли;

· острые кромки, заусенцы и шероховатость на поверхностях заготовок, инструментов и оборудования;

· недостаточная освещенность рабочих мест;

· физические перегрузки.

Ручной инструмент, применяемый в работе, должен соответствовать требованиям ГОСТов и инструкциям заводов-изготовителей. Использовать ручной инструмент необходимо в соответствии с его назначением. В случаях травматизма или недомогания необходимо прекратить работу, известить об этом руководителя работ и обратиться в медицинское учреждение.

 Требования охраны труда перед началом работы:

1. Перед началом работы необходимо получить от руководителя работ задание и инструктаж о безопасных методах выполнения порученной работы.

2. Надеть предусмотренную нормами специальную одежду, специальную обувь.

3. Прежде чем приступить к работе с ручным инструментом, необходимо убедиться в полной его исправности.

Требования охраны труда во время работы:

1. Положение инструмента на рабочем месте должно устранять возможность его скатывания или падения.

2. При переноске или перевозке инструмента его острые части должны быть закрыты чехлами или иным способом.

3. Ручной инструмент должен быть защищен от загрязнений, влаги и механических повреждений.
Требования охраны труда по окончании работы:

1. Привести в порядок рабочее место.

2. Инструмент убрать в отведенное для него место.

3. Инструмент хранить в закрытых помещениях, вдали от отопительных батарей и защищенными от солнечных лучей, влаги, агрессивных веществ.

4. Снять спецодежду, очистить и убрать в отведенное для ее хранения место.

5. О всех неисправностях, замеченных в процессе работы, доложить непосредственному руководителю работ.

 

Классы электроинструментов:

I класс - электроинструмент, у которого все детали, находящиеся под напряжением, имеют изоляцию, а вилка имеет заземляющий контакт. У электроинструмента I класса все находящиеся под напряжением детали могут быть с основной изоляцией, а отдельные детали - с двойной или усиленной изоляцией.

II класс - электроинструмент, у которого все детали, находящиеся под напряжением, имеют двойную или усиленную изоляцию. Этот электроинструмент не имеет устройств для заземления. Напряжение электроинструмента классов I и II должно быть не более 220 В - для электроинструмента постоянного тока, и 380 В – для электроинструмента переменного тока.

III класс - электроинструмент напряжение которого не выше 50 В, у которого ни внутренние, ни внешние цепи не находятся под другим напряжением. Электроинструмент III класса предназначен для питания от автономного источника тока или от общей сети через изолирующий трансформатор (либо преобразователь), напряжение холостого хода которого должно быть не выше 50 В, а вторичная электрическая цепь не должна быть соединена с землей.

 

Особенности обеспечения безопасности подъемно-транспортного оборудования (ПТО).

Безопасность подъемно-транспортного оборудования и машин (ПТМ: грузоподъемные краны всех типов; подъемники и вышки, предназначенные для перемещения людей; грузовые электрические тележки; краны-экскаваторы, специальные съемные кабины) регламентируется приказом Ростехнадзора от 12.11.2013 № 533 «Об утверждении федеральных норм и правил в области промышленной безопасности «Правил безопасности опасных производственных объектов, на которых используются подъемные сооружения»». Надзор за безопасностью ПТМ осуществляет Ростех-надзор.

Безопасность при эксплуатации подъемно-транспортного оборудования и машин (ПТМ) обеспечивается следующими ме­тодиками:

· определение размера опасной зоны ПТМ;

· применение средств защиты от механического травматизма механизмами ПТМ;

· расчет на прочность канатов и грузозахватных устройств (ГЗУ);

· определение устойчивости кранов;

· применение специальных устройств обеспечения безопас­ности;

· регистрация, техническое освидетельствование и испыта­ние ПТМ и ГЗУ;

· использование ограждений.

Причины, часто приводящие к авариям ПТМ: 1. неисправность или отсутствие приборов и устройств безопасности; 2. перегрузки кранов при подъеме грузов; 3. допуск кранов к работе без проведения их технического освидетельствования или с истекшим сроком освидетельствования; 4. отсутствие контроля со стороны должностных лиц за соблюдением требований производственных инструкций; 5. недостатки в обучении персонала; 6. нарушения персоналом трудовой и производственной дисциплины; 7. допуск работы кранов при метеоусловиях (скорость ветра), превышающих допустимые пределы.

Безопасность работы ПТМ обеспечивается: 1. техническим освидетельствованием, согласно установленных правилам (после монтажа, реконструкции, ремонта), 2. расчётом и контролем в процессе эксплуатации прочности канатов и ГЗУ, их вводом в эксплуатацию и периодическое переосвидетельствование; 3. обеспечением устойчивости кранов; 4. определением и обозначением опасных зон; 5. подбором и расчётом устройств безопасности; 6. назначением ответственного за безопасную эксплуатацию; 7. постоянным контролем и надзором за соблюдением мер безопасности в процессе эксплуатации.   Устройства и приборы безопасности повышают надежность, снижают аварийность эксплуатации ПТМ.