Exercise 7. Read and translate the following word combinations from English into Russian

Aquatic ecosystems, biotic communities, environmental factors, dissolved oxygen, anaerobic bacteria, water body, freshwater organisms, euryhaline organisms, volcanic vents, raw materials, organic compounds, autotrophic organisms, inorganic material, chemosynthetic bacteria, self-regulating, biomass, salinity, organic life, solar energy, carbon dioxide, marine ecosystem, harmful, stenohaline.

 

       Read the text and translate. Be ready to discuss.

 

       An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem located in a body of water. Communities of organisms that are dependent on each other and on their environmentlive in aquatic ecosystems. The two main types of aquatic ecosystems are marine ecosystems and freshwater ecosystems. An ecosystem is composed of biotic communities and abiotic environmental factors, which form а self-regulating and self-sustaining unit.

Abiotic environmental factors of aquatic ecosystems include temperature,

salinity and flow.

The amount of dissolved oxygen in а water body is frequently the key

substance in determining the extent and kinds of organic life in the water body.

Fish need dissolved oxygen to survive. Conversely, oxygen is fatal to many

kinds of anaerobic bacteria.

The salinity of the water body is also а determining factor in the kinds of

species found in the water body. Organisms in marine ecosystems tolerate salinity,

while many freshwater organisms are intolerant of salt. Euryhaline organisms are

salt tolerant and саn survive in marine ecosystems, while stenohaline or salt

intolerant species саn only live in freshwater environments. Freshwater used for

irrigаtiоn purposes often absorb levels of salt that are harmful to freshwater

organisms.

The organisms (also called biota) found in aquatic ecosystems are either

autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Autotrophic organisms аrе producers that generate organic compounds from

inorganic material. Algae use solar energy to generate biomass from carbon dioxide

and are the most important autotrophic organisms in aquatic environments.

Chemosynthetic bacteria are ablе to feed оn hydrogen sulphide in water that

comes from volcanic vents.

Heterotrophic organisms consume autotrophic organisms and use the or-

ganic compounds in their bodies as energy sources and as raw materials to

create their own biomass.

 

Exercise 8. Read and translate the following word combinations from Russian into English.

Водная экосистема, углекислый газ, сернистый водород, вулканический кратер, эвригалинные организмы, толща воды, биотическое сообщество, сырьё, аутотрофный организм, эвригальный, стеногалинный, растворённый кислород, солёность, обитающий на дне, орошение,сероводород, источник энергии, морская экосистема, ключевой компонент, хемосинтезирующий.
 

Exercise 9. Make up collocations using words from both columns.

aquatic	oxygen
raw	communities
euryhaline	materials
anaerobic	ecosystems
dissolved	bacteria
biotic	vents
volcanic	organisms

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.

1. Биотическое сообщество, также известное как биота или "биоценоз", - это группа организмов, которые живут вместе и взаимодействуют друг с другом в пределах окружающей среды или среды обитания.

2. Вулканические жерла - это отверстия в земной коре, из которых выбрасываются лавовые потоки.

 3. Автотрофные организмы - это организмы которые производят органические соединения из неорганического  материала.

4. Чрезмерный рост и распад растений и водорослей в результате увеличения количества питательных веществ в толще воды может значительно повлиять на количество доступного растворенного кислорода.

5. Эвригалинные организмы способны адаптироваться к широкому спектру соленостей.

6. Сероводород-это химическое соединение с формулой H2S, представляющее собой бесцветный халькогенг-гидридный газ с характерным неприятным запахом.

7. Солнечная энергия-это в основном энергия, получаемая от солнечного излучения.

Exercise 11. Test yourself by answering these questions and summarize given information.

1. Where is an aquatic ecosystem located?

2. What are the two main types of aquatic ecosystems?

3. What does an aquatic ecosystem include?

4. What are the abiotic environmental factors of aquatic ecosystems?

5. What is the dissolved oxygen responsible for in а water body?

6. What are the euryhaline organisms?

7. Which species are salt intolerant?

8. How do you explain the term "biota"?

9. What are the most important autotrophic organisms in aquatic environments?

10. Do you know the difference between chemosynthetic bacteria and heterotrophic organisms?

Text C

It is interesting to know

 

Types of Water Resource

 

VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT C

 

abundant   adj	[əˈbʌnd(ə)nt]	обильный
desalination n	[ˌdiːsalɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n]	деминерализация
scarce adj	[skɛːs]	редко встречающийся
staple adj	[ˈsteɪp(ə)l]	основной
overfishing n	[əʊvəˈfɪʃ]	чрезмерный вылов рыбы
tidal  adj	[ˈtʌɪd(ə)l]	приливный
plentiful  adj	[ˈplɛntɪfʊl]	обильный
percolate  v	[ˈpəːkəleɪt]	проникать сквозь
clay  n	[kleɪ]	глина
adhere v	[ədˈhɪə]	прилипать
unsaturated  adj	[ʌnˈsatʃʊreɪtɪd]	ненасыщенный
vadose adj	[ˈveɪdəʊs]	неглубокий
aquifer  n	[ˈakwɪfə]	водоносный слой
permeable adj	[ˈpəːmɪəb(ə)l]	проницаемый
bedrock n	[ˈbɛdrɒk]	основа
limestone n	[ˈlʌɪmstəʊn]	известняк
gravel n	[ˈɡrav(ə)l]	крупный песок
shale n	[ʃeɪl]	глинистый сланец
cone n	[kəʊn]	раструб, сопло
subsidence n	[səbˈsʌɪd(ə)ns]	спад
sediment n	[ˈsɛdɪm(ə)nt]	осадок
utmost adj	[ˈʌtməʊst]	предельный
sinkhole n	[ˈsɪŋkhəʊl]	водосточный колодец

 

Exercise 7. Read and translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian.

Water resources, desalination plants, saltwater fish, tidal waters, hydroelectric energy, groundwater resources, vadose zone, saturated zone, water table, leaky underground tanks, salt water intrusion, suspended sediment, natural filter, stream flow, potable water supply, measure of water quality, phosphorus levels, dissolved oxygen levels, surface water systems, flooding problems.