Exercise 6. Test yourself by answering these questions and summarize given information

А.В. Корнильева

ФГБОУ ВО «САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ
УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ВЕТЕРИНАРНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ»

 

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

WATER BIORESOURSES AND AQUACULTURE ISSUES

 

УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО НАПРАВЛЕНИЮ 35.03.08 «ВОДНЫЕ БИОРЕСУРСЫ И АКВАКУЛЬТУРА».

 

 

 

Санкт-Петербург

2020

                                           

 

 

Unit 1

Text A

Aquatic Environments

VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT A

inland adj	[ˈɪnlənd]	внутренний
inlet   n	[ˈɪnlet]	узкий морской залив
microbial adj	[mʌɪˈkrəʊbɪəl]	микробный
biofilm n	[ˈbʌɪəʊfɪlm]	биопленка
detrimental  adj	[ˌdɛtrɪˈmɛnt(ə)l]	вредный
stream n	[striːm]	ручей
Extracellular adj	[ɛkstrəˈsɛljʊlə]	внеклеточный
Bay n	[beɪ]	бухта, залив
interact v	[ɪntərˈakt]	взаимодействовать
Habitat v	[ˈhabɪtat]	среда обитания
еcosystem n	[ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm]	экосистема
biotic adj	[bʌɪˈɒtɪk]	живой, биотический
profound adj	[prəˈfaʊnd]	глубокий
benthos  n	[ˈbɛnθɒs]	бентос
anaerobic adj	[ˌanɛːˈrəʊbɪk]	анаэробный
dissolve v	[dɪˈzɒlv]	растворять
microorganism n	[mʌɪkrəʊˈɔːɡ(ə)nɪz(ə)m]	микроорганизм
adjacent adj	[əˈdʒeɪs(ə)nt]	прилежащий
inhabitant n	[ɪnˈhabɪt(ə)nt]	обитатель
stratigraphy n	[strəˈtɪɡrəfi]	стратиграфия

 

Exercise 1. Read and translate the following word combinations from English into Russian.

Groundwater environment, coastal waters, algal populations, detrimental effects, interact, food web, microbial habitats, inland surface water, biotic foundation, geologic time, biofilms, detrimental effects, algal populations, a profound influence on the climate, essential nutrients, microbial mats, extracellular polymers, alternative energy sources, algal populations, bacterial extracellular polymers, anaerobic microenvironments, energy source, marine microbial life.

 

       Read the text and translate. Be ready to discuss.

       Aquatic Environments include inland surface water (Canals, lakes, rivers, water courses, inlets, and bays), seas, and ground water. Aquatic, or watery, environments are divided into freshwater and marine. Freshwater has less than one gram per liter of dissolved solids, mainly salts, of which sodium chloride (NaCl) is the most important as far as living organisms are concerned. It is the main source of water for most human uses. Microorganismsare the key components of aquatic environment. Microorganisms are fundamental to all ecosystems, providing the biotic foundation upon which all life exists. Microorganisms, due to their unique ability to adapt to extreme conditions imposed by oligotrophy (low nutrients), temperature, pH, pressure, and radiation, among others, have so far been found in every environment imaginable. In fact, microorganisms are pioneer colonizers and have, over geologic time, had a profound influence on the climate and environments found on Earth. They can be found in different microbial habitats—planktonic, sediment or benthos, microbial mat, and biofilm. Planktonic microbial communities include algae, bacteria, and protozoa. The benthos is characterized by a dramatic increase in microbial numbers and activity that supports the formation of adjacent aerobic and anaerobic microenvironments as well as cycling of essential nutrients. Microbial mats are the unique communities often found in extreme environments or in environments where conditions fluctuate rapidly. Biofilms are characterized by the presence of bacterial extracellular polymers, and their roles in nutrient cycling and pollution control within the aquatic environment as well as for their beneficial or detrimental effects on human health have been extensively studied. The fresh water environments such as streams, rivers, and lakes apart from their bacterial and algal populations contain fungal, protozoan, and viral populations, which interact and contribute to the functioning of the food web. The ocean contains diverse microbial habitats, and total bacterial numbers are on an average one order of magnitude higher in coastal waters than in the open ocean. In the groundwater environment, microorganisms are the sole inhabitants and bacteria are the dominant type of microbes present; however, the levels of microbial activity are low. Many of the new microbial species have been isolated from the marine environments, suggesting that marine microbial life may offer valuable clues in the quest to develop alternative energy sources.

 

Exercise 2. Define the term and remember it's explanations.

Inland surface water, biofilm, microbial mat, detrimental effect, stratigraphy.

 

Exercise 3. Make up collocations using words from both columns.

energy	foundation
microbial	habitats
biotic	water
microbial	sources
geologic	effects
detrimental	mat
inland	time

 

Exercise 4. Read and translate the following word combinations from Russian into English.

Водная среда, геологическое время, прибрежные воды,окружающая среда подземных вод, пищевая цепь, отрицательное воздействие, внеклеточные полимеры, смежные аэробные микроокружения, значительное увеличение, микробный мат, внутренние воды, основные питательные вещества, разнообразные места обитания микробов, хлористый натрий, озёра, реки, ручьи.

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.

1.Водные среды включают внутренние поверхностные воды, моря и грунтовые воды.

2. Водные среды делятся на пресноводные и морские.

3. Микробные маты-это уникальные сообщества, которые часто встречаются в экстремальных условиях или в условиях, где условия быстро меняются.

4. Океан содержит разнообразные микробные среды обитания.

5. Сегодня существует много источников альтернативной энергии, используемых   для снижения уровня загрязнения окружающей среды ископаемыми видами горючего топлива.

6. Геологическое время – это время развития планеты.

7. Микроорганизмы являются фундаментальными для всех экосистем, обеспечивая биотическую основу, на которой существует вся жизнь.

Exercise 6. Test yourself by answering these questions and summarize given information.

1. What does aquatic environment include?

2.  What do microorganisms provide to all ecosystems?

3. What is the main source of water for most human uses?

4. What can be found in different microbial habitats?

5. What are the microbial mats?

6. What is the function of biofilms?

7. What do  planktonic microbial communities include?

8. Where can microorganisms be found?

9. What does inland surface water mean?

10. What are biofilms characterized by?

 

Text B

Aquatic Ecosystem

VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT B

abiotic adj	[ˌeɪbʌɪˈɒtɪk]	абиотический, неживой
extent n	[ɪkˈstɛnt]	Мера, степень
salinity n	[səˈlɪnɪti]	соленость
irrigаtiоn n	[ɪrɪˈɡeɪʃ(ə)n]	орошение
algae  n	[ˈælɡiː]	водоросли
vent  n	[vent]	выходное отверстие
consume v	[kənˈsjuːm]	Потреблять
flow n	[fləʊ]	течение, поток
raw adj	[rɔː]	сырой
biomass n	[ˈbʌɪə(ʊ)mas	биомасса