2020-10-10
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Мангровые болота, устье, развлечение, коралловые рифы, растительные симбионты, ухудшение окружающей среды, значительное разнообразие, сплетённая сеть, окаймляющие рифы, раковины моллюсков, процесс фотосинтеза, углекислый газ, высокая минерализация, симбиотические одноклеточные растения, отходы (производства), промышленное рыболовство, лагуна, фораминифера, рифообразующие кораллы, глубокий, физическое ограничение, твердые примеси, цианобактерия, искуственный.
Exercise 29.Look through the text to find out more information about:
- сoral reefs are the oldest and most complex communities of plants and animals on Earth;
- reefs are shallow water areas;
- reef-building corals are generally colonial;
- corals are found in most of the oceans;
- physical constraints needed for the success of invertebrate communities;
- the skeletons of hermatypic coral play a major role;
- three types of coral reefs;
- environmental degradation;
- tourism and recreation are inadvertently degrading coral reefs.
Exercise 30. Test yourself by answering these questions and summarize given information.
What are reefs?
Where can reefs be found?
What is a special fiature of reef-building corals?
What types of coral reefs do you know?
What contributes to the coral reefs disappearance?
What organisms can live around coral reefs?
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Why are coral reefs so attractive?
How do coral reefs form?
Why corals are invertebrates?
What is the structure of coral reefs?
Unit 3
Text A
Ocean Ecosystems: Open Ocean
VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT A
| realm n | [rɛlm] | область |
| neriticprovince n | [neritic] [ˈprɒvɪns] | неритическая зона |
| upwelling zone n | [ʌpˈwɛlɪŋ] [zəʊn|] | зона апвеллинга |
| plankton n | [ˈplaŋ(k)t(ə)n] | планктон |
| phytoplankton n | [ˈfʌɪtəʊˌplaŋ(k)t(ə)n] | фитопланктон |
| krill n | [krɪl] | криль (мелкие морские рачки) |
| nekton n | [ˈnɛkt(ə)n] | нектон |
| absorb v | [əbˈzɔːb] | поглощать |
| evaporation n | [ɪˌvapəˈreɪʃ(ə)n] | испарение |
| sink n | [sɪŋk] | сток, слив |
| pelagic adj | [pɪˈladʒɪk] | пелагический, океанический |
| tiny adj | [ˈtaɪni] | крошечный |
| jellyfish n | [ˈdʒɛlɪfɪʃ] | медуза |
| crustacean n | [krʌˈsteɪʃn] | ракообразное |
| rainfall n | [ˈreɪnfɔːl] | атмосферные осадки |
Exercise 33. Read and translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian.
Pelagic zone, neritic province, fishing ground, photosynthesis, upwelling zone, nutrient-rich waters, plankton, krill, jellyfish, nekton, moderating effect, temperature fluctuations, rainfall, highly soluble, carbon dioxide sink, condensation, nutrient content, zooplankton. water currents, crustacean, sink, krill, nekton, greenhouse warming, photic zone, continental shelf, rainfall pattern, condensation, invertebrates, vast majority, mollusks, trace, continental shelf, nutrient content.
Read the text and translate. Be ready to discuss.
The realm of open water, called the pelagic zone, has the greatest volume and vertical range of any life zone. It includes the region above the continental shelf, called the neriticprovince, and the region beyond, called the oceanic province. Gradations in light, temperature, water chemistry, nutrient content, and pressure result in a diversity of environments that are filled by a large number of species.
Life is found throughout the water column (that is, top to bottom), but mostly in the photic zone, the region where sunlight makes photosynthesispossible. Organisms are also more abundant where there are more nutrients: in the neritic, where nutrients wash off the land, and in upwelling zones, where relatively cold nutrient-rich waters from the deep ocean rise to the surface. Pelagic life is dominated by plankton, mostly tiny organisms that move with water currents. Photosynthesis by phytoplankton is directly or indirectly the primary food source for all marine life. The animals, or zooplankton, that eat them may also be tiny, like krill, or they may be larger, like jellyfish, and able to make small, directed motions.
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The active swimmers that inhabit the open ocean are called nekton. While the vast majority of nekton are fish and mammals, they include invertebrates, such as mollusks and crustaceans. The most productive waters in the world are upwelling zones, such as those of the west coast of South America. Here, the abundance of nutrients supports a large population of phytoplankton, which in turn is the foundation of rich fishing grounds.
The ocean has a moderating effect on world climate because water has a high ability to absorb and store heat. When prevailing winds come off an ocean the climate is milder than in locations with no oceanic influence. This is why annual temperature fluctuations are much smaller in western than in eastern coastal North America. The surface layer of the ocean is a heat reservoir that may maintain temperature anomalies for years, and alter rainfall patterns. For example, increased sea surface temperature results in increased evaporation. This increases rainfall and therefore condensation.
The enormous productivity of phytoplankton has a large effect on the atmosphere, since these organisms use carbon dioxide (CO2) and release oxygen. Also, CO2 is highly soluble in seawater and the ocean is a carbon dioxide sink. Manipulations of oceanic chemistry have been proposed to control atmospheric levels of CO2, and possibly reduce greenhouse warming. In large regions of the ocean, phytoplankton growth is limited by lack of the trace element iron.
Exercise 33. Read and translate the following words and word combinations from Russian into English.
Пелагическая зона, неритическая зона, фотосинтез, photosynthesis, зона апвеллинга, вода с большим содержанием биогенных веществ, планктон, криль, медуза, нектон, смягчающий эффект, колебания температуры, осадки, дождь, высоко растворимый, абсорбент углекислого газа, конденсация, состав вещества, зоопланктон, поток воды, потепление, вызванное парниковым эффектом, районы водного промысла, режим распределения осадков.
