Суффиксы прилагательных

Материалы для ЕГЭ. Словообразование при помощи суффиксов в английском языке.

Многие новые слова в английском языке образуются путем аффиксации, когда к началу или концу слова (корня) прибавляются префиксы en -joy, dis- like, re -read или суффиксы develop- ment, self- ish.

Аффиксы – префиксы и суффиксы. Префиксы стоят в начале слова, а суффиксы – в конце.

Префиксы, как правило, изменяют значение слова, но не меняют его принадлежности к той или иной части речи:

order (существительное) порядок - dis order (существительное) беспорядок.

Суффиксы служат для образования одной части речи их другой:

beauty (существительное) красота – beauti ful (прилагательное) красивый.

Префиксы

Префиксы с отрицательным значением

Префиксы с отрицательным значением – un-, in-, dis-, non-.

Un-

comfortable – un comfortable,

limited - un limited.

Префикс un- иногда присоединяется к глаголам для выражения противоположного действия:

to load - to un load,

to lock - to un lock,

In-

ability - in ability,

complete - in complete.

Перед l префикс in- превращается в il-, перед r – в ir-, а перед m и p - в im-:

legal - il legal,

regular - ir regular,

patient - im patient.

Dis-

Этот префикс выражает отрицание или противоположное действие:

отрицание противоположное действие

to like – to dis like, to appear – to dis appear,

honest – dis honest, to arm - to dis arm.

Non-

Слова с префиксом non- чаще всего пишутся через дефис:

conductor – non-conductor.

Префиксы с разными значениями

Префикс	Значение	Соответствие русской приставке	Примеры
anti-	отрицание	анти- противо-	fascist - antifascist
co-	между, взаимно	со-	existence – co-existence
counter-		контр-	attack - counterattack
ex-	бывший	экс-	champion - ex-champion
en-	делать		rich - enrich
inter-	между, среди, взаимно		national - international
mis-	неправильно, неверно		to understand – to misunderstand
over-	сверх, чрезмерно	пере-	to load – to overload
post-	после (противоположен по значению префиксу pre-)		war – postwar
pre-	перед, ранее	до-	historic - prehistoric
re-	снова, заново, вновь.	пере-	to read – to reread
sub-		под	division - subdivision
ultra-	ультра-, сверх		short -ultrashort
under-	недостаточно (противоположен по значению префиксу over-)		to pay - to underpay

Суффиксы

Суффиксы существительных

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-age	а) действие, условие или резуль- тат; б) количественное значение или значение собирательности; в) место действия, место жительства	to marry – marriage acre - acreage herb – herbage to harbour-harbourage
-ance -ence	процесс, состояние или свойство	important – importance different -difference
-dom	абстрактные и собирательные существительные, обозначающие: а) общественный статус или яв- ление; б) состояние	king - kingdom free - freedom
-ее	лицо, на которое направлено действие	to address - addressee
-er, -or	действующее лицо	to sell – seller to visit - visitor
-ery, -ary, -ry	а) место; б) действие, род занятия или деятельности; поведение или связанное с ним качество; в) состояние или положение	to bind – bindery to rob – robbery chemist–chemistry slave-slavery
-hood	а) состояние, общественное поло- жение; б) качества, свойства; в) совокупность людей или семей-ные отношения	child - childhood saint - sainthood brother - brotherhood
-ian	национальная принадлежность	Russia - Russian
-ician	лицо по роду работы, занятий	mathematics - mathematician
-ion, -ation, -tion, -sion, -ssion	а) действие, процесс, состояние; б) абстрактное понятие; свойство, качество	to transform – transformation to accommodate - accommodation
-ism	отвлеченные имена существитель- ные	Marx - Marxism
-ist	профессия, принадлежность к партии, религии, философскому течению	to type - typist Marxist
-ment	a) действие, процесс, состояние; б) результат действия или продукт деятельности	to move – movement to improve – improvement
-ness	качество или состояние	hарру - happiness
-ship	а) положение человека в обществе; звание, должность, титул; б) умение, мастерство, искусство; занятие; с) чувство, отношение к чему-либо; д) абстрактные понятия	captain – captainship draftsman – draftsmanship comrade – comradeship citizen - citizenship
-ute, -ture	а) процесс, состояние; свойства; абстрактное понятие; б) сфера деятельности; офици-альное учреждение и его функции	to depart – departure portrait – portraiture
-y	абстрактные и собирательные существительные	soldier - soldiery

Exercises

1. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса – er или - or. Переведите на русский язык.

To act, to conduct, to compose, to direct, to drive, to fight, to found, to invent, to lead, to mine, to read, to report, to speak, to teach.

1. Образуйте от данных слов существительные при помощи суффиксов - ist, -ism, -ian. Переведите на русский язык.

Art, social, type, capital, music, international, piano, electric, Canada, Russia.

1. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса – ment. Переведите на русский язык.

To improve, to measure, to disappoint, to pave, to announce, to agree, to state, to govern, to require, to arrange, to move, to develop, to achieve.

1. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффиксов – ion, -ation, -sion, -ssion, -tion. Переведите на русский язык.

To collect, to combine, to connect, to dictate, to include, to introduce, to produce, to restrict, to submit.

1. Образуйте от данных прилагательных существительные с помощью суффикса – ness. Переведите на русский язык.

Bitter, absolute, damp, cold, dark, kind, happy, weak.

6. Образуйте как можно больше существительных, используя префиксы и суффиксы из таблицы. Можно пользоваться словарем.

dis-excite -y un-appoint -ship im-honest -ment patient -ness success -ion direct -full kind -less profit help friend luck like

Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами – существительными.

More and more often people are told not to be in direct sunlight, because ultraviolet (1)________ from the sun can cause skin cancer. Normally the ozone (2)________ in the atmosphere protects us from such radiation, if there are no holes in it. Many scientists think that these holes are the result of air (3)____________. The air needs (4)________ and care. Man is beginning to understand that his (5)_________ is not just his own town or country, but the whole earth.

RADIATE LAY POLLUTE PROTECT ENVIRON

KEY: 1 radiation, 2 layer, 3 pollution, 4 protection, 5 environment.

(1)__________ are proud of their Constitution. It was written more than 200 years ago and it is still working! But the people of the United states can change the Constitution. Changes in the Constitution are called (2)___________. The first ten of them are called the Bill of Rights. They were made in 1791. The Bill of Rights guarantees to people of the USA very important rights and (3)__________. Soon after the Civil War (1861-1865) there were three important amendments. The 13th amendment ended (4)_________, the 14th amendment made all Black people (5)__________ of the United States, the 15th amendment gave Blacks the right to vote.

AMERICA AMEND FREE SLAVE CITY

Key: 1 Americans, 2 amendments, 3 freedoms, 4 slavery, 5 citizens.

Lord Byron (1788-1824) didn’t live a long life. He was an aristocrat and a fashionable man. But he loved (1)_________ and a simple country life. His (2)_________ attracted Britain and all Europe. He brought to his (3)_________ romanticism of his times. He was talented and handsome, noble and brave. (4)_________ admired him. In 1812 he became famous after the (5)__________of his autobiographic poem “Childe Harold”.

FREE PERSONAL POET LONDON PUBLIC

KEY: 1 freedom, 2 personality, 3 poetry, 4 Londoners, 5 publication.

10.

I always wanted to be a great (1)_________. I had the dreams of discovering a new drug that would save the lives of hundreds of people. Unfortunately I was never good at (2)_________ at school and the teacher used to be very cross with me. After a while I decided I would become an (3)_________ and design an amazing new (4)_________ which would become a household name. A few weeks later I had a brilliant idea for a pen that would write upside down. To my (5)_________ a friend of mine pointed out that it was not a new (6)________.

SCIENCE SHEMIST INVENT PRODUCE DISAPPOINT DISCOVER

Key: 1 scientist, 2 chemistry, 3 inventor, 4 production, 5 disappointment, 6 discovery.

11.

The trade union (1) _____________ has a long and important history in Britain, but since 1980 the influence of trade unions has declined dramatically. Trade union (2)_____________ has fallen because of changes in the structure of (3)______, including (4)__________, the shift away from manufacturing, the rise in smaller firms, the increase in part-time employment, and the constructing out of work. The Conservative government restricted unions’ (5)___________ to launch strikes and made unions legally responsible for the actions of(6)____________; this has considerably reduced union power and substantially decreased the number of strikes, called (7)____________.

MOVE MEMBER EMPLOY PRIVATIZE ABLE STRIKE STOP

Key: 1 movement, 2 membership, 3 employment, 4 privatization, 5 ability, 6 strikers, 7 stoppages.

Суффиксы прилагательных

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-able	а) возможность осуществления; б) обладание некоторым качест-вом	to change – changeable to comfort -comfortable
-al	подобие, сходство, обладание некоторым сходством	addition - additional
-an, -ian -ean	принадлежность к какой-нибудь народности, родовому клану; идеологическому течению, науч-ной школе и т. п	Arab - Arabian
-ant, -ent	cоответствующие существитель-ные имеют суффиксы –ant и -ent	importance – important difference - different
-ar	обладание чем-то, сходство с чем-то	circle - circular
-ary -ery	качество	diet - dietary
-en	сделанный из чего-либо	wood - wooden
-er	сравнительная степень прилага-тельных	big - bigger
-ern	прилагательные, образованные от названий сторон света	east - eastern
-ese	национальность или язык	China – Chinese
-est	превосходная степень прилага-тельных	tall – the tallest
-ic,	состав, структура чего-либо, отношение к чему-либо	drama - dramatic
-ish	а) национальная принадлежность; б) слабая степень качества (соответствует русским суффиксам –оват, еват)	Scotland – Scottish red - reddish
-ive	относящийся к, принадлежащий, связанный с	nature - native
-ful	наличие качества	beauty - beautiful
-less	отсутствие качества	hope - hopeless
-ous	обладающий данным свойством, признаком, характеристикой в значительной степени	danger - dangerous
-y	качество	stone - stony

Exercises

1. Образуйте от данных существительных прилагательные при помощи суффиксов – full и - less. Переведите их на русский язык.

Aim, care, beauty, hope, doubt, fruit, use, power, thank, harm, colour.

2. Образуйте от данных глаголов прилагательные при помощи суффиксов – able и - ible. Переведите их на русский язык.

To change, to eat, to compare, to convert, to profit, to read, to comfort, to respect, to expect.

3. Образуйте от данных существительных прилагательные при помощи суффикса – al. Переведите на русский язык.

Centre, culture, form, intellect, post, accident, comic.

4. Образуйте от данных существительных прилагательные при помощи суффикса – y. Переведите на русский язык.

Cloud, dirt, fog, frost, rain, sun, thirst, wind.

5. Образуйте как можно больше прилагательных, используя префиксы и суффиксы из таблицы. Можно пользоваться словарем.

un-patient -able dis-history -al non-honest -ant in-west -ern il-marvel -y ir-happy -less im-national -ous pre-conscious -ful post-act -ish inter-war -ive legal -ic regular -ern capable beauty hope boy sun rain skill home care comfort brown interest usual help

All my classmates say that I’m (1)________. I enjoy wearing (2)________ clothes. I like to look smart and (3)________. We can’t go through life with the same hairstyle or make-up. It’s very (4)_________ to follow fashion. I hate when people dress alike, because they buy clothes in “chain” stores. I prefer hand-made or design clothes. My classmates say that I’m (5)________, but it’s not a sin, is it? Sometimes I turn up in something really (6)_________. When you are up with fashion you feel you are individual.

TREND STYLE ATTRACT IMPORTANCE MATERIALIST EXTRAVAGANCE

Key: 1 trendy, 2 stylish, 3 attractive, 4 important, 5 materialistic, 6 extravagant.

For (1)_________ people, the ‘Far East” is the broad coast along the Pacific Ocean, facing Alaska in the far north and Japan in the sub-tropical south, and including the large island of Sakhalin. Inland lie forests, mountains, lakes, rivers and marshes known as Siberia. Siberia is usually divided into Western and Eastern, the former is (2)________ and low-lying and rich in oil, the latter is (3)________and rich in minerals, gold and diamonds. The twenty million people who live in this region are mostly Russians and Ukrainians by origin. Besides there live other people. They all call themselves (4)_______ and speak of Russia as beginning west of the Urals.

RUSSIA MARSH MOUNTAIN SIBERIA

KEY: 1 Russian, 2 marshy, 3 mountainous, 4 Siberians.

Water pollution is a serious (1)________ problem today. “Water, water everywhere, not any drop to drink,” said the sailor from Coleridge’s poem describing to a friend how awful it was to be without drinking water on a ship in the middle of the ocean. It is strange to think that the water around his ship was probably quite safe to drink. It was (2)________ - but not polluted. The sea waters today are much more (3)_________. Many seas are used for dumping (4)________ and nuclear waste.

ECOLOGY SALT DANGER INDUSTRY

Key: 1 ecological, 2 salty, 3 dangerous, 4 industrial.

The United States is a large country with many (1)__________ natural wonders. It goes from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to the islands of Hawaii in the Pacific, and from cold, snowy (2)__________ Alaska to (3)_________ Florida in the southeast. Also, it has many kinds of land – (4)________ coasts, dry empty deserts, (5)__________ rivers, wide plains and grasslands, lakes of all sizes, high mountains, great forests, sunny beaches and lands of (6)__________ winter. More than 250 million people live in the US. But the country is very big, so there is still a lot of open space and (7)_______ scenery outside the cities. Americans have tried to save many of the most (8)__________ wild areas of the United States. There are a lot of parks, forests and wildlands where you can enjoy the beauty and power of wild America. The Grand Canyon, Yosemite Valley, and Yellow-stone are among the most (9)________.

DIFFER NORTH SUN ROCK POWER END NATURE BEAUTY FAME

KEY: 1 different, 2 northern, 3 sunny, 4 rocky, 5 powerful, 6 endless, 7 natural, 8 beautiful, 9 famous.

10. Переведите следующие слова, выделите в них суффиксы и префиксы. Назовите часть речи.

Brotherhood, helpless, boredom, unequal, drinkable, golden, leader, Japanese, secondary, anti-fascist, similar, peacemaker, surgery, furniture, comical, convenient, acceptable, achievement, anonymous, academician, Georgian, disarmament, witty, hysterical, Buddhism, co-existence, scientific, materialist, radiant, rootless, international, measurement, underground, creature, dirty, agrarian, absoluteness, yellowy, inventor, technical, various, tactless, comradeship, creature, reddish.

11.

Alan Alexander Milne, the youngest of the family’s three sons, went to Westminster School at the age of 11 and then went on to Cambridge to become a (1)__________. But he never did. Instead he became (2)_________ of the university journal “Granta” in which he published some of his light (3)_________ poems. Then he went to London hoping to earn his living as a (4)_______. By and by London magazines began to publish his (5)________ works, and in 1905 he published his first book, a shilling paper-back (6)_________ of humorous essays. Aged only 24 he was given a post of (7)________ editor of the (8)__________ magazine “Punch”.

MATHEMATICS EDIT HUMOUR WRITE WIT COLLECT ASSIST FAME

Key: 1 mathematician, 2 editor, 3 humorous, 4 writer, 5 witty, 6 collection, 7 assistant, 8 famous.

12.

The Olympic Games are an (1)___________ sports festival that began in ancient Greece. The (2)_________ Greek games took place every fourth year for several hundred years, until they were brought to an end in the early (3)__________ era. The Olympic games were renewed in 1896, and since then they have been staged every fourth years, except during World War I and World War II. Perhaps the main (4)_________ between ancient and modern Olympics is that for the ancient Greeks the Games were a way of saluting their gods, when the modern Games are a manner of saluting the (5)________ talents of people of all nation. The original Olympics included (6)__________ in music, oratory, and theatre (7)_________ as well. The modern Games haven’t got them, but they represent a lot more sports than before. For two weeks and a half any international conflicts must be stopped and replaced with friendly competitions. This is the noble idea on which the modern Olympic (8)________ is based.

NATION ORIGIN CHRIST DIFFER ATHLETE COMPETE PERFORM MOVE

Key: 1 international, 2 original, 3 Christian, 4 difference, 5 athletic, 6 competitions, 7 performances, 8 movement.

13.

The people of the United States are a (1)________ of many (2)________. Every American schoolchild learns that the United States is the big “melting pot” of countries. In a melting pot (3)________ metals are melted together to make a new metal. The United States is like a melting pot for people. In the past, people from many different (4)_________ countries came to the US and made one country out of many. These different people brought to their new land a (5)________ mixture of customs and traditions. The Germans brought Christmas trees, the Irish brought St. Patrick’s Day (6)__________, the Scots brought Hallowe’en.

MIX NATION DIFFER EUROPE WONDER CELEBRATE

Key: 1 mixture, 2 nationalities, 3 different, 4 European, 5 wonderful, 6 celebrations.

14.

Isn’t it (1)_________ to discover new places? Travel has always been a part of people’s (2)__________. It teaches people about art and culture. It teachers them to be understanding. You can also improve your knowledge of foreign languages. What is more, (3)________ is the basis of the biggest (4)________ in the world. Tourists spend a lot of money. Rich countries can sell cars and computers. But what can poor countries sell? Their (5)________ beaches and their wonderful countryside.

WONDER EDUCATE TOUR BUSY BEAUTY

Key: 1 wonderful, 2 education,3 tourism, 4 business, 5 beautiful.

15.

There are amateur cricket clubs all over England, but there is a big (1)_________ between the amateur and the (2)_________ cricketer. The amateur cannot get money for the game. The professional (3)_________ is in a much (4)__________ class. He has to learn many kinds of skills. He has to be an athlete, to run fast and jump and turn like a gymnast. He must be (5)___________, and must not let other (6)_____________ be (7)__________ with him.

DIFFER PROFESSION CRICKET HIGH PATIENCE PLAY HONEST

Key: 1 difference, 2 professional, 3 cricketer, 4 higher, 5 patient, 6 players, 7 dishonest.

16.

This museum is the world’s (1)_______ museum of (2)_________ arts. It houses many of the world’s (3)_________ treasures. Here you’ll find the national collection of (4)_________, furniture, music instruments, textiles and dress, ceramics and glass, silver and (5)_________ from European and non-western countries.________

FINE DECORATE GREAT SCULPT JEWEL

Key: 1 finest, 2 decorative, 3 greatest, 4 sculpture, 5 jewellery.

17.

Action films? What a bore! Criminals, shooting, (1)________. Nothing else. I agree that such films have the right to exist. They have some positive features. They are dynamic, (2)________ and full of special effects. But they are (3)_________. I can’t believe one man can win over the Mafia. Some people watch (4)_________ to cool off and such films are good for them. But other people can get sick and (5)________ especially teenagers. There are (6)_________ ways to cool off, I think.

EXPLOSIVE DRAMA REAL VIOLENT NERVE GOOD

Key: 1 explosions, 2 dramatic, 3 unrealistic, 4 violence, 5 nervous, 6 better.

Суффиксы глаголов

Глагол несет значение соответствующего прилагательного или существительного, на основе которого он сформирован.

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-ate	делать, осуществлять	active - activate
-en	действие, придающее качество, выраженное в основе глагола	sharp – to sharpen
-fy, -ify	делать, осуществлять, превращать	simple - simplify
-ize(AE) -ise(BE)	вести себя подобно, проводить ту или иную политику или производить действие	private - privatize

Exercises

1. Образуйте от данных прилагательных глаголы, используя суффикс – en. Переведите на русский язык.

Black, sharp, short, red, soft, deep, dark, bright, weak white, sweet, wide.

2. Образуйте от данных прилагательных глаголы, используя суффикс – fy. Переведите на русский язык.

Simple, pure, beauty, solid, identic(al), false intense.

3. Образуйте от данных существительных глаголы, используя суффикс – ize(ise). Переведите на русский язык.

Character, crystal, sympathy, agony, apology.

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами – глаголами.

Like many modern developed countries, The United Kingdom has a mixed economy. This means that some sectors of economy are operated by the government and some are operated by private business. Since World War II, Britain has worked to (1)_________ the mix of private and public enterprises in order to (2)_________ the country’s economy and (3)_________ the economic well-being of its citizens. After World War II the government (4)__________, or took over, a number of large and troubled industries. These included coal, electricity, transport, gas, oil, steel, car and truck manufacturing, shipbuilding and aircraft building. Since the 1950s, the government has (5)________ a number of these industries, selling them to private firms.

EQUAL MAXIMUM SURE NATION PRIVATE

Key: 1 equalize, 2 maximize, 3 ensure, 4 nationalized, 5 privatized.

Суффиксы наречий

Суффикс	Значение	Примеры
-ly	наречие с тем же качеством, что и слово, от которого оно образовано	bad - badly
-wards -ward	направление или направленность	after – afterwards home - homeward