Grammar exercises

Exercise 1. Analyze the following sentences. Point out clauses in their structure, specify the types of the clauses and translate them.

1. When a charged particle, such as an electron, travels through a magnetic field, the latter exerts a transverse force on the particle, curving its trajectory.

2. As the electrons travel along longer, winding paths, their net motion from one end of the material to the other is slowed down.

3. Nevertheless, the magnetic field turns each zig or zag into a curve, increasing the total path length travelled, as the electrons make their way through the material.

4. Once an electric current is polarized, it flows more easily through a material whose magnetic field is parallel with its polarization.

5. If we apply a magnetic field perpendicular to the slab (пластина), the field produces an additional force on the charges.

6. Given a strong enough magnetic field is applied, the charges can be deflected a full 90 degrees at the boundary of the metal disk.

7. Providing a material’s electrical resistance increases or decreases when a magnetic field is applied, the change in resistance is known as magnetoresistance (MR).

8. As the size of the bit is reduced to increase storage density the sensitivity of the read head must increase to detect the weaker magnetic field of the smaller bit.

9. The read head must also respond to the field faster, since a smaller bit on the rotating disk spends less time under it.

10. Magnetoresistance (MR) effect occurs as the magnetism in the material is generated by innumerable magnetic atoms.

11. As the sensor volume decreases, however, the proportion of noise increases.

12. Since read heads based on EMR use nonmagnetic materials, they would not suffer from magnetic noise limitations.

13. When we work in the nanoscopic regime, the physics of the electrical conduction process changes in a way that significantly reduces EMR.

14. Yet, even if EMR read head becomes obsolete (ненужный) before it is even developed, EMR discoveries are sure to be employed for a number of other applications mentioned above.

15. Although nanotechnology will have a major impact on the electronics industry, its use is a more widespread, covering disciplines including physics, mechanical engineering, bioengineering, and chemical engineering.

16. Though Richard Feynman predicted the possibility and potential of nanosized materials in 1960, his ideas didn’t find support at that time.

17. It was not until the 1980s when appropriate methods of producing nanostructures emerged and notable increase in research activity occurred resulting in significant achievements.

18. Although the concept of photonic crystals was already theoretically formulated, the first three dimensional periodic photonic crystal possessing a complete band gap was fabricated by Yablonovitch only in 1991.

19. Though operating a single AFM atomic force microscopy is sometimes difficult, we were confident that this device would have a realistic chance of functioning reliably.

20. Although the technique worked nicely, it was somewhat complicated because, before erasing a field, all data to be retained had to be transferred into another field.

21. Though nanotubes first gained interest of the electronics industry with the demonstration of nanotube transistors in the late 1990s, their first commercial uses were as an additive to graphite in lithium-ion batteries.

22. Though new batteries containing multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs) are not perfect, but they fulfill their function by making the battery last longer, making it more recyclable.

23. As the temperature rises from absolute zero to 7800⁰ K, the double-well nanotube disintegrates.

24. As carbon nanotubes are assumed to be the most expensive material, their cost must be lowered.

25. Though gas-leak detection sensors are extremely small, they consume little power and react perfectly to different chemicals. A modern oil refinery will likely to have several dozen chemical sensors to detect hydrocarbon leaks, each costing approximately $3000. Nanosensors are likely to cost as little as $50 each.

26. Since high operating temperatures easily burn out the metal filaments, the manufacturers started the production of new devices (x-ray machines) with a thin layer of carbon nanotubes operating at room temperature. Since these devices are smaller and can operate at room temperature, it should be possible to develop portable x-ray machines to be used in ambulances, airport security, and customs operations.