2014-02-09
639Детский сад, велосипед, карты, шахматы, сосед,
ЖСК, гараж, квартира, теща, юмор и сатира,
Кульман, шеф, конец квартала, цех, участок, план по валу,
Карандаш, лопата, лом, пятый курс, проект, диплом,
Общежитье, взятка-мизер,кинотеатр и телевизор,
Точность знаний, чет-нечет, радость, сессия, зачет,
Тренировки, семинары, песни, танцы, тары-бары,
Бал прощальный, аттестат,
Пушкин, Дарвин, Кромвель, Ом, Менделеев, Герострат,
Грязь в тетради, тройка, двойка, папа, крик, головомойка,
Мама, сказка, каша, кошка, книжка, яркая обложка,
Election manifestos, orders, business letters, instructions, questionnaires
Люди мало чуткие к искусству, думают часто, что художественное произведение составляет одно целое, потому что в нем действуют одни и те же лица, потому что все построено на одной завязке или описывается жизнь одного человека. Это несправедливо.
Это только так кажется поверхностному наблюдателю: цемент, который связывает всякое художественное произведение в одно целое и оттого производит иллюзию отражения жизни, есть не единство лиц и положений, а единство самобытного нравственного отношения автора к предмету. (Л. Толстой)
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b. the pragmatic aim
=
the author’s aim to influence the reader:
Types:
- explicit (Dear reader, …)
- implicit (foregrounding of conceptually important elements)
Буратино, Карабас, ранец, школа, первый класс,
институт, экзамен, нервы, конкурс, лекция, курс первый,
юбилей, часы-награда,речи, памятник, ограда. О. Молотков
2. the thematic unity of the text = common theme and concept
E.L. Doctorow “Ragtime” = revolutionary changes in the American society under the influence of a new musical trend
3. the compositional-genre unity =
reference to a certain FS /genre (a detective story)
3.
4. the uniting function of the image of the author (literary texts)
5. the uniting role of EM and SD (extended metaphor, simile)
After a long hibernation, company bosses are beginning to rediscover their animal spirit. … They should also be aware that they will be powerfully influenced by the herd instinct...
… they will be judged less for spotting a good target than for digesting it well...
…They’ll have to watch carefully to be sure that the competitive space into which the predator in front of them is so joyfully leaping does not lie at the edge of a cliff.
6. different means of foregrounding =
- a specific / unusual / unexpected use of language means
- to focus the readers’ attention on the conceptually important aspects of the text
Types of foregrounding:
- convergence of EM and SD =
- an accumulation of several SD and EM that perform the same stylistic function
- motivated by artistic/aesthetic purposes
Sitting there, skinning the rabbit, he had had to listen to outbursts of incoherent complaint and indignation. Complaint and indignation against the wheat market, which had broken each time he had begun to do well. Against the banks he had borrowed money from and been unable to repay. Against the droughts and winds that had reduced his farm to a hundred and sixty acres of dust and wilderness. Against the luck that had always been against him. Against the folks who had treated him meanly, everywhere, all his life.
(A. Huxley After many a Summer Dies the Swan)
- strong positions:
a. the title
-
aframing element
- expresses the message
W. S. Maugham
Can the Leopard Change its Spots?
