Text B. Binary System of Numerals

The binary system plays an important role in computer technology. For example, the first 20 numbers in the binary notation are 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, 1111, 10000, 10001, 10010, 10011, 10100.

Any number can be expressed in the binary system by the sum of different powers of two. For example, starting from the right, 10101101 represents (1 x 2°) + (0 x 2¹) + (1 x 2²) + (1 x 2³) + (0 x 2⁴) + (1 x 2⁵) + (0 x 2⁶) + (1 _x 2⁷) = 173. That is: 10101101 in the binary code is equal to 173.

Arithmetic operations in the binary system are extremely simple. The basic rules are: 1 + 1 = 10, and 1x1 = 1. Zero plays its usual role: 1x0 = 0, and 1 + 0= = 1. Addition, subtraction, and multiplication are done in a fashion similar to that of the decimal system:

100101 ⁺110101= 1011010

1011010- 110101= 100101

^× 101

1001

101

Because only two digits (or bits) are involved, the binary system is used in computers, since any binary number can be represented by, for example, the positions of a series of on-off switches. The on position corresponds to 1, and the off position corresponds to 0. Instead of switches, magnetized dots on a magnetic disk or small dots on a laser CD-ROM disk also can be used to represent binary numbers: a dot stands for the digit 1, and the absence of a dot is the digit 0. Electronic devices, called flip-flops, can be used to represent binary numbers. They can only carry two different voltages at their outputs, andthey can be switched from one state to the other state by an electric impulse. Logic circuits in computers carry out the different arithmetic operations in binary numbers. The conversion of decimal numbers to binary numbers for processing, and of binary numbers to decimal numbers for the readout, is done electronically.

2. Переведите письменно текст А и текст В.

3.Выпишите из текстов английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: разум, манера (способ), процедура (операция), микроволновая, цель, соединять, необработанный (сырой), принятие решения, превращать, очищать, передача, знак, римский, бесконечный, позиционное представление, принимать, бит, двоичная система, двоичное число, триггер, точка, логическая схема, считывание.

4. Определите форму и функцию инфинитива. Переведите предложение на русский язык.There is one more important factor to be considered.

5. Определите форму и функцию причастия. Переведите предложение на русский язык. Generally speaking, a liquid having a free surface is one on whose surface there is absolutely no pressure.

6. Определите форму и функцию герундия. Переведите предложение на русский язык. Two special cases are worth highlighting.

7. Напишите аннотацию к тексту А, используя клишированные выражения из Приложения.

8. Составьте свое жизнеописание (С.V.), используя образец в Приложении.