Military Courts

The basic tier of military courts is the military courts of the armed forces, fleets, garrisons and separate military forces. The middle tier of military courts consists of military courts of the branches of the armed forces, the seven Military Districts into which the country is divided, and the districts of anti-aircraft defense, navy and individual armies. They consider disputes involving military personnel. Three-tiered system of the military courts is an integral part of Courts of General Jurisdiction

Arbitration Courts.

Arbitration courts form a system with jurisdiction over economic disputes that, as a rule, arise between companies and individual entrepreneurs, both Russian and foreign.

The Higher Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation.

Judges for the Higher Arbitration Court are proposed by the President of the Russian Federation (Article 127 of the Constitution) and approved by the Federation Council.

It exercises original jurisdiction over disputes between the Russian government and commercial parties, the government and subjects of the Russian Federation, or between subjects of the Russian Federation.

The Plenary Session of the Higher Arbitration Court can also issue Regulations.

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The present Russian judicial system follows the structure of courts of the USA.

The Higher Arbitration Court acts only as a court of original jurisdiction.

The Supreme Court is the supreme judicial body for all courts of general jurisdiction on civil, criminal and administrative matters.

The Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to interpret the RF Constitution; to decide whether a federal law is consistent with the country’s Constitution; and to adjudicate whether or not laws and regulations passed by the Republics and Regions of the Russian Federation are consistent with the RF Constitution.

The Plenary Session of the Supreme Court can issue laws.

Military Courts consider disputes involving military personnel.

There are two chambers in the structure of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation: Judicial Chamber on Civil Cases and Judicial Chamber on Criminal Cases.

Regulations are abstract opinions (not decisions in exact disputes) but legally binding on all lower courts.

Judges for all courts are approved by the State Duma.

The judicial system of the Russian Federation consists of courts at the federal level and regional courts.

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