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1) Nationalization measures need to be linked with extended control over foreign trade.
2) Despite a nearly 2 billion dollars surplus in farm commodity exports overall foreign trade was in 2 billion dollars deficit.
3) Usually the market research staff will use internally generated company data and analyze secondary data and key market indicators.
7. Переведите текст на русский язык.
Microeconomics
1. The word “micro” means small, and microeconomics means economics in the small. The optimizing behaviour of individual units such as households and firms provides the foundation for microeconomics.
2. Microeconomists may investigate individual markets or even the economy as a whole, but their analyses are derived from the aggregation of the behaviour of individual units. Microeconomic theory is used extensively in many areas of applied economics. For example, it is used in industrial organization, labour economics, international trade, and many other economic subfields.
3. At one time there was a sharp distinction in both methodology and subject matter between microeconomics and macroeconomics. The methodological distinction became somewhat blurred during the 1970s as more and more macroeconomic analyses were built upon microeconomic foundations. Nonetheless, major distinctions remain between the two major branches of economics. For example, the microeconomist is interested in the determination of individual prices and relative prices (i.e., exchange ratios between goods), whereas the macroeconomist is interested more in the general price level and its change over time.
4. Optimization plays a key role in microeconomics. The consumer is assumed to maximize utility or satisfaction subject to the constraints imposed by income or income earning power. The producer is assumed to maximize profit or minimize cost subject to the technological constraints under the firm operates. Optimization of social welfare sometimes is the criterion for the determination of public policy.
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5. Opportunity cost is an important concept in microeconomics. Many courses of action are valued in terms of what is sacrificed so that they might be undertaken.
Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is, according to the text, microeconomics?
2. What is meant by “economics in the small”?
3. Where is microeconomic theory used?
4. What is optimization?
5. What is an important concept of microeconomics?
ВАРИАНТ 5
ЗАДАНИЯ:
1. Определите функции (-е) s (образец выполнения см. вариант 1).
1) When a few sellers face a few buyers, this situation is known as bilateral (двусторонняя) oligopoly.
2) Money is one of man’s greatest inventions and it is an essential tool of civilization.
3 ) Economic society presents the mechanism for survival.
