2015-02-18
961
As it is seen from the above rules and examples the gerund (or the gerundial phrase, or the gerundial construction) combined with the same preposition may be used in different syntactical functions: thus with the preposition without the gerund may function as an adverbial modifier of manner, attendant circumstances and condition, with the preposition in it may perform the function of the adverbial modifier of manner and time, after the preposition for it may function as an adverbial modifier of purpose and reason.
| Prep. | Adverbial modifier of | Example | Translation |
| for | 1. reason 2. purpose | She couldn’t speak for crying. The doctors came to the place of accident for rescuing people. | Она не могла говорить из-за слез. Врачи приехали на место происшествия, чтобы спасти людей. |
| in | 1. time 2. manner | In crossing the street first look to the left and then to the right. In making herself busy she stopped worrying. | Переходя улицу, сперва посмотри налево, а затем направо. Заняв себя делом, она перестала волноваться. |
| without | 1. manner 2. attendant circumstances 3. condition | She learned the words without writing them down. He went away without saying good-bye. I won’t be able to learn the words without writing them down. | Она учила слова, не записывая их. Он ушел не попрощавшись. Я не смогу выучить слова, если не буду их записывать. |
Exercise 139. State the type of the adverbial modifier expressed by a gerund, a gerundial phrase or a gerundial construction. Translate the sentences.
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1. Without improving one’s grammar one can’t speak good English. 2. He knows lots of Blake’s poems and can recite them without stopping. 3. One can’t sell some foodstuffs without wrapping them up. 4. Robin never writes his tests without cribbing. 5. You can’t peel a mango without having a sharp knife. 6. The man left the shop without paying for the purchase. 7. His little son can’t walk without stumbling. 8. Have you ever bought a suit or a pair of shoes without trying them on? 9. One can make pastry without adding milk. 10. I’ve never seen the Greens being on holiday without Tom having a drink every day and Betty scolding him for that. 11. He can’t talk with people without kidding. 12. Can you pass your Examination session without reading up for Exams and staying up late? 13. She missed the seminars without having a good Excuse. 14. I have never seen Thomas sitting in his armchair without stroking his cat. 15. You can’t make this part (деталь) without cutting it into three pieces first. 16. You couldn’t listen to his story without tears coming into your eyes. 17. Could you punish your son without giving him a beating? 18. Little Ann can’t fall asleep without her mother giving her a kiss. 19. He can’t spend a day without his teacher scolding him.
Exercise 1 
40. Translate the sentences into English. Use an adverbial modifier 1) of manner 2) of attendant circumstances 3) of condition preceded by the preposition without.
1. He стоит сдаваться (to give in), не попытавшись преодолеть это. 2. Она писала письмо за письмом, не останавливаясь. 3. Он не может смотреть телевизор без очков (to wear his specs). 4. У нее такой плохой почерк, что я не могу читать ее конспекты без лупы (a magnifying glass). 5. Невозможно изучать историю, не запоминая (to memorize) факты и даты. 6. Нельзя смотреть на него и при этом не чувствовать волнения. 7. Девочка не могла разговаривать с ней и не пожаловаться на подругу. 8. Не мог бы ты выражать свое неодобрение без крика? 9. Она может сделать котлеты, не добавляя яйцо в фарш (minced meat). 10..Этот фрукт можно есть, не очищая кожуру (to peel). 11. Можно придерживаться диеты, не считая при этом калории (to count calories).
Preposition in
