Exercises. 1* Translate the following word combinations or find Russian equivalents

1* Translate the following word combinations or find Russian equivalents.

1. the cost of producing the product

2. the rival firms prices

3. the desired market share of the company

4. pricing strategy

5. to establish a 'price plateau'

6. to establish a monopoly position

7. penetration pricing

8. the size of the price drop

9. price variation 10. to hold the price

2* Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. A number of factors will affect the price a firm sets for its product, including such things as the cost of producing the product, the rival firms prices, the type of product and the desired market share of the company.

2. Penetration pricing is a tactic adopted by a company when it is first entering a market and is trying to estab­lish a market share.

3. Skimming price is where a firm charges a high price for a product in order to 'skim' the 'top end' of the market when the product is new and consumers have not had a chance to establish a 'price plateau'.

4. Loss leader pricing is when firms offer prices below the cost of producing the item (hence making a loss) in order to encourage the sale of the products.

5. Limit-pricing occurs when a firm drops the price of its product to limit or deter the entry of other new com­petitors.

6. Dumping pricing happens when a firm 'dumps' its goods into a market at below the cost of producing them in the hope that it can establish a foothold in the market.

7. Once a market has been established the price of the product may rise to those of competitor firms.

8. The profit mark-up could be changed to allow for the effects of competition and economic conditions.

3* Fill the gaps in the sentences below with the words and expressions from, the box. There are two expressions, which you don't need to use.

price discrimination, dumping pricing, loss leader pricing, skimming price,. cost-plus pricing, price plateau, penetration pricing, limit-pricing, demand, competi­tive pricing, predatory pricing, marginal-cost pricing

1. Price is one of many factors that determine the _________for a product.

2. _____________is a very simple pricing method when a firm calculates its average costs of producing a prod­uct and then simply adds a profit 'mark-up', say 10%, on to average costs.

3. When a firm calculates the additional cost of produc­ing the next unit and charges a price according to the marginal cost we can speak of_________________.

4. When several firms charge different prices for a simi­lar product we can speak of______________.

5.____________ is a tactic adopted by a company when it is first entering a market and is trying to establish a market share.

6.________________is where a firm charges a high price for a product in order to 'skim' the 'top end' of the market.

7. When products are new, a___________has not yet been established and some consumers are willing to pay a high price for their novelty value.

8.____________is when firms offer prices below the cost of producing the item in order to encourage the sale of the products.

9. When a firm drops the price of its product to limit or deter the entry of other new competitors we call it ________.

10. When the firm prices its products in line with those of its competitors and there is little price variation between the types of goods being sold we can speak of

4* Find English equivalents for the following Russian expressions.

1. средняя стоимость

2. предельные издержки производства

3. методы ценообразования

4. разброс цен

5. дополнительная стоимость

6. назначить цену

7. завоевать место на рынке

8. неценовая конкуренция

9. конкурентное ценообразование

10. производить оценку, смету

5* Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.

1. В супермаркетах часто применяется тактика заниже­ния цены для привлечения покупателей в магазины

2. Фирма подсчитывает среднюю стоимость производ­ства товара и затем просто добавляет наценку на при­быль.

3. Иногда фирмы устанавливают разные цены на сход­ные товары. Это называется разбросом цен.

4. Когда товары новые, некоторые потребители готовы платить высокую цену, только из-за их новизны.

5. Существует небольшое ценовое различие между раз­личными типами продаваемых товаров при конку­рентном ценообразовании.

6. Успех неценовой конкуренции зависит от упаковки и оформления товара.

7. Когда компания пытается завоевать место на рынке, она использует тактику входящей цены.

8. Цена является одним из многих факторов, которые определяют спрос на товар.

Unit 2. LISTENING

PRICING STRATEGY AND COSTING

6* Before you listen to Dialogue No 1 use Glossary to match the words below with their definitions.

1. demand curve

2. inelastic demand

3. discount

4. factory gate price

5. penetration strategy

6. price war

7. retail margin

8. selling costs

9. break even

10. unit price

a. the price wholesalers and distributors pay to the producer for goods

b. the difference in price bet ween what retailers pay for a product and what they sell the product at

c. a situation when sales are not affected much by price rises

d. a period during which sever­al competitors aggressively lower their prices in an effort to build up market share

e. reduction of price in return for bulk sales or to a favored customer

f. to balance costs and receipts and reach level of produc­tion when sales begin to exceed the investment

g. a pricing strategy based on low pricing and low unit profits h.the line on a graph which shows the relationship between prices and consumer demand i. the price for one item j. the costs involved in distrib­uting, promoting and sell­ing a product