I. Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на профессионально ориентированную лексику

TEXT 1. HISTORY OF TOURISM

Tourism can be recognised as long as people have travelled. The narrative of Marco Polo in the 13th century; the "grand tour" of the British aristocracy to Europe in the 18th century; and the journeys of David Livingstone through Africa in the 19^th century are all examples of early tourism. But in fact, before the middle of the 19^th century, travelling for pleasure was rare and very expensive, and only a few rich people travelled abroad. The man who brought in the age of mass tourism was Thomas Cook.

Thomas Cook is regarded as the founder of inclusive tours and the first travel agency that bears his name. On 5 July 1841 he organised a rail excursion for 500 tourists from Loughborough to Leicester. It was the first package trip. Excursions to Liverpool (1845), Scotland (1846) and the Great Exhibition in London (1851) followed.

In 1851 Thomas Cook published the world’s first travel magazine which had details of trips, advice to travellers and articles about the places to visit. In 1855 he took his first group of tourist to Paris and later led tour of Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Italy. In 1865 he opened an office in London, which his son managed. They introduced a circular ticket to cover one journey instead of a number of tickets from all the railway companies involved. In 1872 Thomas Cook organised a round-the-world tour, lasting 222 days. In 1874 he introduced an early form of traveller’s cheque, which travellers could cash at a number of hotels and banks around the world.

Before the 1950s, tourism in Europe was mainly a domestic activity with some international travel between countries, mainly within continental Europe. In the period of recovery following World War II, a combination of circumstances provided an impetus to international travel. Among the important contributing factors were the growing number of people in employment, the increase in real disposable incomes and available leisure time, and changing social attitudes towards leisure and work. These factors combined to stimulate the latest demand for foreign travel and holidays. The emergence of tour operators who organised inclusive holidays by purchasing transport, accommodation, and related services and selling these at a single price, brought foreign holidays within the price-range of a new and growing group of consumers. The "package" or "inclusive" tour democratised travel in Europe; foreign holidays were no longer the preserve of the rich and socially elite classes.