| Adverb is a part of speech which describes verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or the whole sentence.
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| Formation
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| Adverbs are formed with adjectives + -ly: quick – quickly, calm – calmly
Adj. ending in consonant + -y → -ily: sleep – sleepily, weary – wearily
Adj. ending in –le drop –le & add –ly: irritable – irritably, reliable – reliably
Adj. ending in –e add –ly: false – falsely, BUT: whole – wholly, true – truly
Adj. ending in –ly (cowardly, elderly, fatherly, friendly, lively, lonely, motherly, silly, ugly etc) form their adv. with –in a(n) … way (manner): in a motherly manner, in a lively way etc.
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| Semantic classification
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| Kinds of adverbs
| Position
| Example
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| Manner(bravely, happily, fast, hard, well, beautifully, reluctantly, suspiciously, carefully, angrily, secretly, foolishly, badly, somehow)
| After the verb or the object where there is one
The short obj.:V+obj.+adv.
The long obj.: V+adv.+obj.
Foolishly, kindly, stupidly,…+V
| She danced beautifully. They speak E. well.
He looked suspiciously at everyone.
She carefully picked up all the bits of glass.
I foolishly forgot my passport.
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| Place(by, down, here, near, there, up, away, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere)
| After the verb if there is no object
V+obj./V+prep.+obj.
Here/there+be/come/go+noun subj.
Away/down/in/off/out…+V of motion+noun subj.
| She went away. Bill is upstairs.
She sent him away.
Here comes the train.
Away went the runners.
Out sprang the cuckoo.
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| Time(now, soon, still, then, today, tomorrow, yet, afterwards, eventually, lately, recently, at one, since then, till)
| At the beginning/end of the clause
With compound tenses – after the auxiliary
V/ V+obj.+ yet/still
Be+still+other verbs
Just – with compound sentences
| Eventually he came/ He came eventually.
We will soon be there.
He hasn’t finished his dinner yet.
He is still in bed.
I’m just coming.
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| Frequency(always, usually, often, periodically, repeatedly, occasionally, hardly ever, rarely, seldom, never)
| After the simple tenses of to be
Before the simple tenses of all other verbs
With compound tenses – after the 1st auxiliary, with interrogative V. – after aux.+subj.
| He is always in time for meals.
They sometimes stay up all night.
He can never understand.
Have you ever ridden a camel?
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| Degree(fairly, hardly, quite, too, very, absolutely, almost, completely, only, rather)
| Before the adj. or adv.
Enough follows its adj. or adv.
Far requires a comparative/ too+positive
| You are absolutely right.
The box isn’t big enough.
It is far better to say anything.
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| Sentence(certainly, definitely, luckily, actually, apparently, clearly, evidently, obviously, presumably, probably, undoubtedly, perhaps, possibly, sure)
| Be+actually/apparently/certainly/clearly etc.
Before simple tenses of other verbs
After the 1st auxiliary in a compound verb
At the beginning/end of a sentence/ clause
| He is certainly intelligent.
They actually work hard.
They have presumably sold their house.
Apparently he knew the town well.
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| Interrogative(when?, where?, why?)
| At the beginning of a sentence
| Where have you been?
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| Relative(when, where, why)
| Before the obj.
| I want to know where he is.
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| Morphological classification - degrees of comparison of some adverbs.
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| Single-syllable adv. & early add –er,-est: hard-harder-hardest, early-earlier-earliest
Adv. of 2 or more syllables – more,most+the positive form: quickly-more quickly-most quickly
Irregular comparisons: well-better-best, badly-worse-worst, little-less-least, much-more-most, far-further-furthest/farther-farthest.
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| Syntactical classification.The function of the adverb – the adverbial modifier.
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| Manner
| He looked at me suspiciously.
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| Place
| He lives near me.
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| Time
| I’ll wait till tomorrow.
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| Frequency
| Hardly ever did they manage to meet unobserved.
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| Degree
| You are absolutely right.
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| Sentence
| They certainly work hard.
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| Adjectives & Adverbs which have the same form
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| Best, better, big, cheap*, clean,* close*, cold, daily, dead, dear*, deep, direct, dirty, early, easy, extra, far, fast, fine*, free, further, hard, high, hourly, inside, kindly, last, late, long, loud*, low, monthly, past, quick*, quiet*, right, slow, straight, sure, thin*, thick, tight, weekly, well, wide, wrong, yearly etc.
Ann was our last guest. She came in last. Those adv. with an asterisk (*) can be found with –ly ending without a difference in meaning, but then they are more formal. Walk slow! (informal) ALSO Walk slowly! (formal)
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| Adverbs with 2 forms & differences in meaning
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| Deep=a long way down
Deeply=greatly
Direct=by the shortest route
Directly=immediately
Easy=gently, slowly
Easily=without difficulty
Free=without cost (бесплатно)
Freely=willingly
| Full=exactly, very
Fully=completely
Hard=with effort
Hardly=scarcely (почти!)
High=at/to a high level
Last=after all others
Lastly=finally
| Late=not early
Lately=recently
Near=close
Nearly=almost (чуть не!)
Pretty=fairly
Prettily=in a pretty way
Short=suddenly
Shortly=soon
| Sure=certainly
Surely=without a doubt
Wide=off-target
Widely=to a large extent
Wrong=incorrectly
Wrongly=unjustly (wrongly goes
before verbs/past part. – wrong/
Wrongly go after verbs)
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| Quite-Fairly-Rather-Pretty
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| • Quite(fairly, in some degree) is used in favourable comments. She is quitegood at painting.
Quitemeaning “completely” is used with adv., some verbs & adj. such as: along, amazing, brilliant, certain, dead, dreadful, different, exhausted, extraordinary, false, horrible, impossible, perfect, ridiculous, right, sure, true, uselessetc. I’m quitesurehe stole the money.
Quiteis used before a/an. She is quite agood dancer.
•Ratheris used: a) in unfavourable comments: He is rather mean with money.
b) in favourable commentsmeaning “to an unusual degree”: The lecture was ratherinformative. (more than we expected)
c) with comparative degree: It’s rather sunnier today then yesterday. (немного солнечнее)
Ratheris used before or after a / an: He is a ratherrude person. = He is rather a rude person
• Fairly & prettyare synonymous with quite & rather.They can be used after a. He is a fairly/prettywell-behaved person.
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| Patterns with adverbs
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| Deeply hurt– глубоко обижен
Painfully embarrassed – очень смущён
Highly respected / qualified / paid / educated – высокоуважаемый / квалифицированный / оплачиваемый / образованный
Extremely helpful – очень полезный
Bitterly cold – страшно холодно
Nearly forgot – чуть не забыл
To be short of time – иметь мало времени
*Sadly – к сожалению (см. по контексту!)
To fly direct to … –лететь без пересадок
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| Proverbs & Sayings
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| Promise little but do much.
If you want a thing well done, do it yourself.
A new groom sweeps clean.
Actions speak louder than words.
Easier said than done.
Make haste slowly.
To live long it is necessary to live slowly.
Of two evils choose the least.
| Обещай мало, а делай много.
Если хочешь, чтобы дело было сделано хорошо, сделай его сам.
Новая метла по-новому метёт.
Действия говорят больше, чем слова.
Легче сказать, чем сделать.
Торопись не спеша.
Чтобы жить долго, живи медленно.
Из двух зол выбирай меньшую.
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2015-04-20
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