2015-04-30
3367
I think...
Speaking for myself.. I I believe...
Yes, I agree (with you) That's true
I suppose... I'm I'm sure... In my In my opinion...
to agree with somebody
I think so too You are quite right
2-320
to disagree with somebody
On the other hand.. It's not (entirely) true
I don't agree (with you) I don't think so
c) Fill in the chart and give your reasons for your decision.
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | |
| It is necessary for a future engineer to study a foreign language. | + | |||
| It's not necessary for a future engineer to study a foreign language. |
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READING PRACTICE
1. As soon as we are born we begin to learn. We go to kindergartens, schools, colleges, institutes, universities. These make up a system оГ education. The system of education in Russia has a long history. Below you will find the text "Education in Russia".
Before reading the text try to predict what information you will find in it, choosing the
statements from the list below.
a. The education in ancient Europe.
b. The education in Byzantine.
c. The education and the Russian Orthodox Church.
d. The greatest teachers of Russia.
e. The foundation of the first universities in the world.
f. The changes in education to prepare young people for modern life.
g. The types of schools in Russia before the revolution.
h. The system of education in the Soviet Union, i The system of education in Russia today.
b) Read the text rapidly to find out if you are right.
TEXT 1A EDUCATION IN RUSSIA
1. Ancient Rus was one of the early feudal states and held a leading place in the world history.
The Slavonic written language came to Rus from Bulgana in the 9th century Towards the end of tins century the replacement of religious books in Greek for those in the Slavonic language began
Between the 10th and 13th centuries Russians developed a high civilization, which formed the foundation of the Russian culture in the following centuries. During this period numerous cultural treasures were accumulated. The written works of the time show that the level of knowledge on most natural phenomena was as high as that of Ancient Greece
Monasteries were cultural and educational centres. They had large libraries and well-equipped book-making shops, in which not only church manuscripts were copied and translated but original books were written. Today we can confidently say that Ancient Rus was a state of high culture and knowledge
2 In pre-revolutionary Russia there was a network of primary schools for common people. Nevertheless illiteracy among common people was very high. Well-off people taught their children in grammar schools,1 commercial schools or secondary schools teaching no classics.2
There were also schools for nobles only. Entrance to those schools was limited. For example, at lycee where A S. Pushkin studied the number of pupils ranged from thirty to one hundred. Only boys at the age of 10 or 12 from noble families of high rank were admitted and studied there for six years They were taught many different subjects. The most important were Russian literature, history, geography, mathematics, physics, logic, law, rhetoric and such foreign languages as French, English, German and Latin. Great attention was paid to different arts and physical training: riding, swimming, fencing and dancing. The aim of this school was to bring up intelligent people in the broad sense of the word Those who graduated from such educational institutions usually entered the service of their country to realize their abilities and knowledge to the benefit of their state.
4. The history of higher education in Russia goes back to 1755 when the first University was founded in Moscow on the initiative of M.V. Lomono- sov and m accordance with his plan. Later, universities were opened in many other big cities of the country.
5. After the revolution in 1917, education was guaranteed to Soviet citizens by the Constitution and was free of charge, including higher education. Teaching at schools was conducted in almost all national
languages The system of education was the same throughout the country.
School attendance was compulsory for those between 7 and 15. Those who completed their secondary education and passed entrance examinations to higher education establishments received monthly grants if they did not fail the examinations that they took at the end of each term. Higher education lasted five years.
5 In 1991 the former fifteen republics of the Soviet Union became independent states. The Russian Federation, the biggest and the most powerful of them began to develop as a democratic state. From the very start democratic reforms began to take place in many fields of life. The latest changes in political, economic and social conditions required changes in the system of education. Its aim is to prepare the growing generation for independent life and work in new conditions.
New curriculums were introduced in schools such as "The World Around Us" for younger students and "Fundamentals of Information Science and Computer Engineering", "Ethics and Psychology of Family Life" for senior students. Along with state schools where education is free of charge there appeared many private schools, colleges, lycees,3 gymnasiums and different courses where students can study sciences and humanities including foreign languages.
6 At some schools the leavers are sent abroad to continue their education at Sorbonne in Paris, at the Universities of Great Britain, Germany, USA and other countries.
After graduating from those Universities they return to their country to work in different fields of national economy
A former student of a Russian school said on his return home: "I was surprised how much there is in common between Russian and Western young people - their love for entertainments and the same kind of music and their wish to know everything new. I hope there will be time when young people from abroad will also come to our country to study.
Such exchanges of students will undoubtedly result in better understanding among people which in its turn will bring greater stability to the whole world."
NOTES TO THE TEXT 1grammar schools - зд. гимназии
2 secondary school teaching no classics - реальные училища (в дореволюционной
России)
3 lycee - лицей
с) Read the translation of the first two paragraphs given below. Compare it with the original and say if everything is right.
Древняя Русь была одним из ранних феодальных государств и занимала одно
из ведущих мест в мировой истории. Старославянская письменность была заимствована из Болгарии в IX веке. К концу этого века началась замена церковных
книг на древнегреческом языке книгами на старославянском.
Между X и ХШ столетиями русские создали высокую культуру, послужившую
основой развития в последующих столетиях. В течение этого периода шло накопление культурных сокровищ. Письменные памятники этого периода показывают, что уровень понимания многих естественных явлений был так же высок, как и в древней Греции.
d) Find in (he text passages about the system of education in the Soviet Union and the subjects which were taught at schools before the revolution and translate them into Russian.
e) Choose a passage from those you've translated and read it aloud. (The approximate time of reading is 1-2 minutes.)
f) Find in the text and put down 10-12 words or word combinations which can be used to speak about the history of higher education in Russia.
2. a) Skim [1] the text below and time your reading. It is good if you can read it for б minutes (70 words per minute).
TEXT IB HISTORY REPEATS ITSELF
If you go on an excursion to the Pavlov Biological Station at Pavlovo near St. Petersburg, you will see a very interesting monument there. It is a monument to the dog. The dog, as you know, played a very important part (роль) in all Pavlov's experiments. Pavlov wanted to thank the dog, so this monument was set up (установлен).
Then, if you go to see Pavlov's room in which great scientist worked for so many years, you will see another dog, a toy one, standing on the bookcase, this toy dog has a very interesting history. It comes from Cambridge, one of the oldest universities in the world
Once a group of students stopped before the window of a toyshop (игрушечный магазин) in Cambridge and looked at the toy dogs there. "There's the thing we want," said one of them, and he pointed to a white dog in the shop window. They entered the shop and soon came out with the big white dog they had seen in the window. Then laughing (смеясь) and talking they went to their professor and showed the dog to him.
The professor did not understand what it was all about until one of the students told him about their plan to give Pavlov the present (подарок) of the toy dog.
"Where did you get the idea from?" asked the professor. "I think it's an excellent (отличная) one."
"We got it from the grandson of Charles Darwin, who is now a student here," they answered. "When Darwin got his doctor's degree (степень) at Cambridge, the students gave him a toy monkey (обезьянка). That was how they showed that they supported (поддерживать) his theory of the origin of man."
The next day was a great holiday at Cambridge. Thousands of students came to the University to see the foreign scientists receive their diplomas. The students watched the ceremony from the gallery.
It was Pavlov's turn (очередь) to receive his diploma. As he was going forward under the gallery, the students let the dog right down into his arms. He looked up, saw all the young smiling faces above him and understood that they wanted to show him that they supported his theory.
At that moment an old professor on the other side of the hall said to his friend: "Look, the students are giving Pavlov a toy dog. Did you see Darwin get his diploma? So you remember (помнить) him standing there with a toy monkey in his hands nearly forty years ago? History repeats itself, doesn't it?"
b) Arrange the pictures illustrating the contents of the text in the right order.
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3. a) Read the text to find answers to the given questions.
TEXT 1С SCHOOLING IN ENGLAND
1. How many days a week is school open?
Every child in Great Britaiif between the ages of five and sixteen years must attend school. There are three main types of educational institutions: primary schools, secondary schools and universities. State schools are free (бесплатный) and attendance is compulsory. Morning school begins at nine o'clock and lasts for three hours until twelve o'clock noon. Afternoon school begins at two o'clock and lasts for two and a half hours until half- past four. School is open five days a week. On Saturdays and Sundays there are no lessons.
2. What subjects do children learn in the Junior school?
In the primary schools, where children study from five to eleven years, the first two years are mainly taken up with learning to read, write and do simple arithmetic. In addition, the children draw, paint, model and sing. The first two years of the primary school are called the Infant school (школа для малышей).
At seven the pupils are transferred to the Junior school (начальная школа для детей от 7 до 11 лет) which is usually situated in another section of the same building. At this age level the following subjects appear in the study programme: English, history, geography, nature study, music and others. At the age of eleven the pupils finish the primary school and continue their education at one of the secondary schools.
3. What kind of secondary schools are there in England?
There are different types of secondary schools in England. This system of secondary education has developed since the Act of 1944 according to which on leaving the primary school a pupil may go either to a secondary Modem, Technical, Grammar or Comprehensive school.
The Secondary Modem School (средняя современная школа) is attended by pupils between the ages of eleven and sixteen. It is a state school which has a practical trend. Such courses as secretarial, trade and commerce, agriculture, gardening, cooking are taught there. These schools are usually well equipped with workshops for woodwork, metalwork, cooking, etc.
On leaving this school the pupils who wish to continue their education may attend evening classes which prepare them for entering a college or a university.
4. In what fields of national economy do the leavers of the Secondary Technical School work?
The Secondary Technical School gives a general technical education It is attended by those pupils who are more mechanically inclined (склонный). The pupils have the opportunity to try their hand at the machines in the workshops More time is given to such subjects as mathematics and science (естественные науки). In other words, this school gives a good foundation to work in the fields of industry and agriculture
5. What do the pupils receive on finishing the Grammar School?
The Secondary Grammar school (классическая школа) is attended by the pupils between the ages of eleven and sixteen or eighteen. Some of them are state schools and some are private or independent schools. Most of them have two sides: a classical side, specializing m ancient languages (Greek and Latin), history and philosophy; and a modem side, specializing in modem languages, natural science and geography. The leavers of this school receive the General Certificate of Education (аттестат зрелости). On receiving this certificate a pupil may either leave the school or continue his studies for another two years in what is called the "Sixth Form" to receive the same certificate but at the advanced level (продвинутый уровень). In order to enter a university a boy or a girl must pass examinations in five subjects, two of which must at least be at the advanced level
Among the private schools there are some very old and famous ones, such as Eton, Harrow, Rugby, etc. The fees at these schools are rather high, so usually rich parents send their children there.
6. Till what age do the pupils study according to the general programme?
Comprehensive schools (единая средняя школа) are state schools which combine three types of schools: grammar school, secondary modem school and technical school. The pupils study there according to the general programme till the age of thirteen or fifteen, after that they have special courses depending on their inclination. The number of comprehensive schools is rather great and it is constantly growing
b) Look through the text again to find two facts which were quite new to you and two facts which were already known to you.
4. Your friend, an engineer, wants to brush up his English. His work requires regular reading of scientific journals. Here are the titles of textbooks and some information about them. Read them and recommend to your friend which of the textbooks
to choose.
TEXTS ID Games for Language Learning
Playing games is a highly efficient language learning method, adaptable to most learners' needs. Some of the games of this book are familiar, with new variants, but many are completely original, such as "Climbing through a postcard". They offer a lot of varied practice for listening, speaking, readmg and writing.
Language learning is hard work; these games make that hard work both enjoyable and efficient.
The Key to English
There is great interest in letter writing among students of English in various countries, and this manual is intended to supply them with the information they need to make their letters conform to the practices that are standard in English-speaking countries. The essential rules for writing good letters do not differ much, of course, from one country to another; it is in the outward form and in formulas of courtesy that the most striking differences exist, and those are the things emphasized here.
Numerous sample letters that the student can use as models are included, and there are check-up questions and some letter-writing problems at the end.
Discourse in Action
"Discourse in Action" is a course in reading comprehension for students of English as a foreign language. It is based on the belief that a special kind of course is required for students of English whose main need is to gain access to information through English. The course has been designed for a wide range of learners whose need can be described as "English for Academic Purposes" — secondary school pupils, students in universities and other tertiary institutions, adults whose profession requires them to make use of material in English. It is therefore intended to help students and others read textbooks, works of reference and general academic interest, source books and journals in English.
Approaches
"Approaches" is designed for students interested in using language rather than learning more about structure. It teaches you how to communicate effectively in English: to meet people, to ask for things, to say what you want and how you feel. It also gives essential information about life in Britain. The emphasis is on speaking, but listening, reading and writing are also practiced, and the focus is always on how people actually use the language.
The cassette which accompanies the book is an integral part of the course. It is also designed specially for you to take home after your course to consolidate the material of the book.
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WRITING PRACTICE
You've earned some money and want to go to a language school in Dreamland for two weeks to brush up your English. You have already filled in the form with the required information but something went wrong with the computer.
a) Read the form and try to restore the text using the word combinations given below.
19 years; 10 August, 1999; 2 weeks, Peter Ivanov, student; 3 hours; Russian; 15 Apt., 10 Bid., Tverskaya St., Moscow, Russia.
Registration Form
| Age_______________________ Nationality _________________ |
Name 1_______________
Occupation____________
Home address2_________ _________________________________
Length of course_______ _________________________________
Number of hours per day__________________________________
Course starting date_____ _________________________________
Accommodation required___ _________________________________
not required
Signature_______________ _________________________________
1 Сначала укажите имя - first name, затем - фамилию - family name (например: Tom Palmer, Boris Petrov). Транслитерация русских имен, т.е. передача их буквами английского языка, может вызвать у вас затруднения. Руководствуйтесь приведенными ниже соответствиями:
Русские буквы Английские буквы Русские буквы Английские буквы
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2 Порядок написания элементов адреса противоположен принятому в России. Сначала указывается квартира, дом, улица, а затем город и страна. Здесь возможны сокращения: Apt (apartment), Ave (avenue), Bid (building), Sq (Square), St. (Street).
Например: Victor Sokolov, Apt 56, 27 Suvorova St, Moscow, Russia.
b) Your friend wants to go to this language school for a month. He is going to attend classes which are four hours a day. Help hffti to fill in the form. You will find the information about him below:
Яковлев Юрий Петрович, 20 лет.
Адрес: Россия, Самара, ул. Пушкинская, д. 4, кв. 3.
VOCABULARY LIST
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UNIT 2
LIVE AND LEARN LANGUAGE MATERIAL VOCABULARY
1. Прочитайте новые слова вслух, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами. Определите их значения в данных предложениях.
1 AS LONG AS пока; до тех пор пока
2. ТО TEACH (TAUGHT) преподавать, обучать, учить
3. ESSENTIAL
существенный, важный, необходимый
4. ТО SHOW (SHOWED, SHOWN) показывать
5. SO THAT
чтобы; для того чтобы
You may have this book as long as you want it We shall stay in the country as long as the weather is fine.
This young woman teaches mathematics at our Institute
At every lecture students learn some essential facts from different fields of science.
She showed me her pictures.
6 ТО FIND (FOUND)
находить
7. ТО FIND OUT
выяснять, обнаруживать
8 OTHER другой
9. EARLY рано
10. ТО THINK (THOUGHT)
думать
11. INVENTION изобретение
12. NECESSARY необходимый, нужный
13. QUITE вполне, совсем, совершенно
14. ТО USE пользоваться, применять
15. POSSIBLE возможный
16. KNOWLEDGE знание, знания
17. ТО GROW (GREW, GROWN)
1) расти, выращивать 2)остановиться
18. EACH каждый
19.THEREFORE
поэтому
20. ТО NEED
нуждаться в чем-л.
21 ONLY
1) только
2) THE ONLY единственный
22. BEHAVIOUR
поведение
23. ТО DECIDE решать
24. UNTIL
1)до тех пор пока (не), пока (не)
2) до
25 ACCORDING ТО
согласно, соответственно
26. ТО CONSIST (OF) состоять (из)
27. WAY 1) путь
She couldn't find her book. She had lost it.
Please find out when the train leaves.
She bought some interesting books, pictures and many other things for her little children.
Come as early as possible.
First think and then speak.
Television is one of the greatest inventions of the twentieth century
The secretary will give you all the necessary information
It is quite dark at five o'clock in winter
If you don't know some of the words, you may use a dictionary.
It is possible to go there by Metro
His knowledge of English is very good 1)Many beautiful flowers grow in our garden. 2)The music grew louder.
The teachcr gave each student a dictionary.
I think, therefore I exist
1 need two more days to finish mv work
1) He came only yesterday
2) She is the only child in the family.
The teacher did not like the behaviour of his two pupils - they talked with each other during the lesson.
I can't decide which book to read 1)Wait here until I come 2)It rained until four o'clock.
According to the program we shall have this subject next year. Water (H20) consists of hydrogen and oxygen. 1) Which is the shortest way to the university?
2)способ
3)образ
28 EVEN даже
29 ТО PRODUCE производить
30 HARD
1) твердый
2) трудный
3) суровый
4) упорно, много 31.ТО SEND (SENT)
посылать
32. ТО KEEP (KEPT)
держать, сохранять
33.ТО BUILD (BUILT)
строить, создавать
34 ТО DEVELOP развивать
35. SIDE сторона
36. AS WELL AS так же как, также
37. ТО THROW (THREW, THROWN)
бросать
38. ТО PAY (PAID) ATTENTION (TO) обращать внимание на что-л., на кого-л.
39. ALWAYS всегда
40. ТО TRY стараться, пытаться
41. ТО INCLUDE включать
42.ТО INFLUENCE влиять
2)This is the best way to do it
3)He didn't like their way of living
It is hot in India even in winter.
This factory produces apparatuses for laboratories
1) Glass is harder than wood.
2) It's a subject that is hard to understand
3) He had hard times in his childhood
4) He worked hard at his English
The child was ill. and his mother sent for the doctor
/
Where do you keep your books? Can you keep a secret?
They will build a new school here
They do exercises to develop their musclcs We must develop the natural resources of our country.
One side of this box is black
We shall travel at night as well as by day.
The boy threw the ball up in the air
You must pay attention to what the teacher tells you.
I always come to the Institute on time. I don't think I can do it. but I'll try. The program includes many theoretical subjects
George Bernard Shaw was greatly
influenced by Russian literature.
43. ESPECIALLY
особенно,в особенности
44. ТО PROVIDE (FOR) обеспечивать, снабжать
45. FREE
1) свободный
2) бесплатный
It is very pleasant to be near the river,
especially when it is hot. He has a large family to provide for.
1) I have very little free time.
2) School education is free of charge in Russia.
2. Прочтите следующие интернациональные слова вслух и, основываясь на значениях соответствующих русских слов, определите их значения.
history
fact [fackt]
sort [so:t]
start [start]
special ['spejal] physical ['fizikl] organize ['D:ganaiz] social ['soujal] military [ militari] group [gru:p]
discipline [ disiplin] liberal [Tibaral]
nature ['neit/э]
discuss [dis'kAs] arithmetic [a'riGmatik] politics [politiks]
service ['sa:vis]
rhetoric ['retsrik]
public [p/iblik]
Б.пpотив
вокруг
поэтому
снова
или
до тех пор пока (не)
здесь
только
пока
но
согласно
всегда также
4. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, противоположное но значению первому слову ряда.
1 always a) because, bjjigyer, c) almost, d) again
2 early a) complete, b) finally, c) late, d) quite
6. free a) young, b) fail, c) rich, d) busy
| 3. Найдите в левой колонке английские эквиваленты русских слов. |
| A. as long as therefore always but according to as well as again until here only against around or |
4. hard a) light, b) warm, c) easy, d) soft
| 5.to fail 6.possible 7.to send 8.to return 9.to graduate 10. after |
a) to require, b) to pass, c) to thank, d) to study
a) special, b) necessary, c) free, d) impossible
a) to try, b) to think, c) to receive, d) to use
a) to stand, b) to live, c) to repeat, d) to leave
a) to enter, b) to take, c) to last, d) to return
a) between, b) before, c) next, d) almost
5. Подберите пары слов, имеющих сходное значение.
A. to complete Б. will
to take an examination to go out
to attend a lecture to become
important to require
| every always to include to come back to get road essential о come to the lecture to produce difficult to construct to have an examination to finish Country |
to receive
to return
usually
wish
to leave
to grow
to need
each
to consist of
way
to make
hard
to build
state
6. Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания.
an essential part of his work
to divide into parts
necessary knowledge
hard day
hard material
the best way of life
the other side of the street
other inventions
early in the morning
to make it possible
to send for a doctor
to teach English
to grow warm
good behaviour
to keep one's word to decide where to go
to produce different things
hard work
to work hard
to build a new road
to develop national economy
the shortest way to the centre of the
city to grow fruit quite a child each day always ready according to the plan to show a new film to find an old dictionary
io need money to include many details especially important free time
a free (of charge) education to use my father's library
to build a factory
to pay attention to your mistakes
to try for the second time
to be provided with good material
7. Решите кроссворд.
1. Food is... for life.
2. A branch of knowledge studied in a system of education.
3. Cars keep to the lefl... of the road in England.
4. The process of teaching and training of mind and character.
5. The result of education.
6. 1000 kg = 1....
7. The person who produced something for the first time.
8. The science of numbers.
9. One of the teaching methods in institutes and universities.
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WORD-BUILDING
8. а) Проанализируйте модели образования слов, прочтите и переведите слова и словосочетания, созданные на их основе, б) Затем переведите словосочетания в разделе Б (правый столбец).
А.
МОДЕЛЬ 3 основа прилагательного + -1у —» наречие
free — свободный possible — возможный deep — глубокий safe — безопасный easy— легкий simple — простой
freely — свободно
possibly —_______
deeply -__________
safely -__________
easily -__________
simply -__________
МОДЕЛЬ 4
основа существительного + -ic —> прилагательное
cube — куб
atmosphere — атмосфера history — история
cubic — кубический
atmospheric —______
historic -______
| metal — металл base — основа |
| metallic – basic - |
MОДЕЛЬ 5
основа глагола + -ment —>cуществительное
| attachment — прикрепление assessment —_______ movement —______ |
| establishment - replacement — development — punishment — |
to attach — прикреплять to assess — оценивать to move — двигать to establish — устанавливать to replace — заменять to develop — развивать to punish — наказывать
Б.
| engagement of parts good management large investments great improvement embellishment of facts displacement of parts alignment of machine elements to change considerably to speak correctly to pass an examination successfully to find easily to know exactly realistic approach (подход) systematic work to speak loudly metal cutter |
to engage— зацеплять to manage — руководить to invest — вносить вклад to improve — улучшать to embellish — приукрашивать to displace— смешать to align — выравнивать considerable — значительный correct — правильный successful — успешный easy — легкий exact— точный real — реальный system— система loud — громкий to cut — резать
9. Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий корень со словами перед текстом. Определите, какими частями речи они являются и каковы их значения. Затем прочтите и переведите текст.
to sleep - спать
particular - особенный energy - энергия
The data (данные) show that just as too little sleep is detrimental (вредный) to human organism, too much sleep is detrimental as well, particularly if one sleeps two hours more. People who sleep six hours or less a day are more energetic: Those who require 9 hours are slow movers, he long sleepers are passive Long sleepers and short sleepers spend about
equal amounts of time (равное количество времени) in deep sleep, but the long sleepers dream (видеть сны) much more.
GRAMMAR REVIEW
10. 1(роанализируйте формы глагола Indefinite Passive, приведенные в таблице. Затем прочтите текст и скажите, в каюк предложениях употреблены формы Indefinite Passive.
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Moscow University is one of the oldest buildings in Moscow. It is situated in the centre of Moscow opposite the Kremlin. It was designed by the Russian architect Kazakov and built from 1782 to 1793. In 1812 it was completely destroyed by fire and restored in 1817-1819 by the Russian architect Zhilyardi (Жилярди). Now the building is officially registered as an old monument of Russian architecture and is protected by the Government.
11. Сравните следующие пары предложений и перевелите их на русский язык.
1. The teacher asks the students a lot of questions. The students are asked a lot of questions.
2. He told them an interesting story. He was told an interesting story.
3. She visited her friends. She was visited by her friends.
4. I will give you a good book. I will be given a good book.
5. The rector will receive you at 3 o'clock. You will be received on Wednesday.
6. They will show us a new film tomorrow. They will be shown a new film tomorrow.
12. Переведите следующие предложения па русский язык, обращая внимание на сказуемое в страдательном залоге.
А. 1. The books were borrowed from the central library.
2. An interesting problem was discussed at the lecture.
3. The newspapers are usually brought in the morning.
4. When was the Moscow University founded?
5. All the work will be done by automatic machinery.
6. New houses are built everywhere: in cities, towns, and villages 7 The experiments will be completed by the end of the week.
8. The young workers are trained to use the new equipment.
9. A lot of time is given to the study of the new methods of work.
10. The lectures chi mathematics were attended by all the students.
11. English sportsmen will be met by the students of the Institute of Physical Culture
Б. 1. Usually the students are examined in room 41.
2 At the Institute the students are taught many different subjects.
3. The academic year is divided into two terms.
4. The children of Sparta were given a military education.
5. In Athens special attention was paid to reading, writing and literature.
6. The boy was told to be back at home at 6 o'clock.
7. This road was built last year.
8. The electric lamp was invented by Yablochkov.
9. The telegram will be sent tomorrow.
10. This building will be completed very soon.
11. A new library will be opened in our district next week.
13. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на глаголы, требующие после себя определенных предлогов.
to look at - смотреть на to look for - искать что-л., кого-л. to look after - присматривать to look through - просматривать to work on - работать над to wait for - ждать кого-л.
to pay attention to - обращать внимание на to listen to - слушать что-л. to speak to smb about smth - говорить с кем-л. о чем-л.
to take care of - заботиться о ком-л. to send for - посылать за кем-л. to refer to - ссылаться на что-л.
1. Не was listened to with great attention.
2. The documents were sent for a week ago
3. This poet is much spoken about.
4. The child was looked for everywhere.
5. Her children will be taken care of.
6. You are always waited for.
7. The picture was attentively looked at.
8. This book is often referred to.
9 The work of this student was paid attention to.
10. He worked hard on his new novel.
11. She looked after her little sister when her mother was at work.
12. He looked through the morning newspapers at breakfast.
14. а) Ознакомьтесь с формами модальных глаголов, их эквивалентами и постарайтесь запомнить их. б) Затем прочтите тексты Л и Б и постарайтесь определить, в каких случаях употребляется выделенная форма глагола.
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
долженствование - must, should, to have to, to be to
физическая возможность -/can, could, to be able to разрешение - may, might, to be allowed to
A. My TV set broke yesterday. I called a TV repair man But he could not come yesterday. He can't come today either. He is too busy. He says he will not be able to come tomorrow, because tomorrow is Sunday, and he does not work on Sunday.
Б. Maria had to make an important decision recently. She lost her job as a bookkeeper when her company went bankrupt, and she had to decide what to do. She could find another job as a bookkeeper, but she decided to study computer programming. Maria thinks she made the right decision.
15. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами can, may, must, should.
1. Nina is ill. She... stay in bed.
2. Drivers... stop when they see the red light.
3. Betty asked: "... I open the window?"
4. Betty asked her father: "... I go to the concert tonight?" Her father said, "Yes, you... go."
5. Mary is free tonight. She... go to the dance.
6. Alec will have an English lesson tomorrow. He... study tonight.
7. Mark is a good student. He... speak English well.
8. There is no ink in my pen.... I write with a pencil?
9. My friend gave me an interesting book to read. She said, "You... keep it for seven days."
10. You... do what the doctor says.
11. You... study much if you want to pass the examination well.
12. You... not smoke in the dining-room.
13. Little children... go to bed early.
14. If you are ill, you... consult a doctor.
16. Отнесите информацию, о которой идет речь, к будущему и прошлому, используя соответствующую форму модального глагола или его эквивалент.
ОБРАЗЕЦ А: Не must leant the new words regularly.
He had to learn the new words regularly.
He will have to learn the new words regularly.
1. We must pass the examination in physics.
2. He must leave early in the morning.
3. You must read the text again
4 They must begin their work at 9 o'clock
5 She must go there at once.
ОБРАЗЕЦ b: He can skate well
He could skate well.
He will be able to skate well.
1. He can continue his studies at the evening department. 2.1 can meet you at the Metro station
His father can help him in his studies.
I can translate this text without a dictionary. 5 She can play tennis after work
ОБРАЗЕЦ В: You may open the window
You were allowed to open the window.
You will be allowed to open the window.
1 You may go home after classes
2. They may continue the experiment.
3. The students may use dictionaries at the translation test.
4. He may take my pen.
5. The tourists may attend the sitting of the Parliament
17. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов.
1. Who can translate this sentence?
2. You can go to Vologda by train or by airplane
3. Could you speak English a year ago?
4 I hope they will be able to reach the village before it grows dark.
5. You may go away now, I shall finish the work myself.
6. Every engineer must know at least one foreign language.
7. Your son must stay in bed because he is still ill.
8. You should take a taxi if you don't want to be late for the concert.
9. Students are not allowed to smoke in the classrooms
10 He was not allowed to enter the concert hall after the third bell.
11. As he received a bad mark, he had to go over the material again.
12. We were to meet at the station at six.
13 He was to stay at the office until the report was ready.
14 You will have to repeat the material of the lectures before the examination
15. We were to send his letter of recommendation by air mail.
16. You should try to find out all the essential facts connected with his work in the Antarctic.
17. The team of experts is to study the present situation m the country.
18. Do you know the student who is to make a report at our next meeting?
10. You should influence your friend. He is not studying the way he should.
18. Прочитайте следующие иредложелня н пере ведите их яа русский язык, обращая внимание на сказуемое.
1 In this lesson special attention is paid to the translation of passive constructions.
2. I am often helped by my younger brother
3. The letter will be answered at once
4 If I am not mistaken, this book is often referred to.
5 The secretary was sent for.
6. The students will be shown a new film on the development of automobile industry in Russia
7. He had much work to do yesterday.
8 You must not cross the street on the red light 9. The new words should be repeated as often as possible. 10. I shall have to tell him everything. 11 He is to come at 5.
You may open the window, it is hot here.
They were to meet at the station.
14 The experiment should be finished today
15. Children under 16 are not allowed to see this film
16. Can you tell me where she lives?
17 He could not show me the way to the nearest Metro station.
19. 11poчитайте предложения, употребив глаголы, данные в скобках, в требуемых но смыслу формах.
1 At the Institute the students (to be taught) many different subjects.
2. The children of Sparta (to be given) military education.
3. In Athens special attention (to be paid) to reading, writing and literature
4. Next year a new school (to be built) near our house.
5. Jack will be free tomorrow, therefore we (to be able) to play football as long as we want.
6 Mother didn't like Pete's behaviour and (not to allow) him to go to the cuiema.
7 Yesterday we (have to) come to school at 8 o'clock but Nina came only at 9.
8 At the factory the young workers (to he trained) to use the new equipment.
9. Take the book home so that you (to be able) to read it in the evening.
20. 11ереведнте следующие предложения па русский язык, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. It is better to go there by plane It is much quicker than by train 2 The physics laboratory of tins Institute has the best apparatus for the experiment.
3. The road became worse as we went along.
4 The more you experiment, the better.
5 He begins to work much earlier than I do 6. He was given the most difficult task.
7 The last report at the conference was the most interesting.
8 Edison could work at his experiments for days and weeks. Sometimes he slept less than five hours a day.
9 The work has to be done in the least possible time 10 It is the least you could do for her
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LISTENING PRACTICE
1. Is it possible to tell the character and behaviour of a person by his or her handwriting?
a) Listen to a story about a writer who thought he understood handwriting. Be ready to answer the questions below.
1. Who is the story about?
2. What do you know about Balzac?
What feature of his character was he proud of?
Why did a woman friend of Balzac come to him one day?
How could Balzac tell the character and behaviour of a person?
6. What did Balzac say to his friend?
7. What do you think of a person's ability to tell a character and behaviour by handwriting?
b) You are the woman who showed the exercise-book to Balzac. Tell your friends about the episode
2. People have always been concerned about their children's education In the 19th century Americans also discussed this problem. There were three groups of people who had different ideas
a) Listen to the text "The Story of American Schools". Formulate your ideas about the problems in the chart and place ticks in its corresponding
boxes.
| The children should | («roup 1 | («roup 2 | Group 3 |
| learn to read, lo write, clc | |||
| work ut lactones | |||
| know the IJible | |||
| help their families at home | |||
| 1Ъе winners of the debate |
b) Check your answers with the teacher or your groupmates.
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c) Read the tapescript of the text on p. 421 Look up the words you do not know in your dictionary.
| ORAL PRACTICE |
1. Topic. My Institute.
1. A delegation of students and teachers from Cambridge are on a visit at your institute. You are asked to tell the guests about the institute. Present information on:
1) die name of your institute;
2) its location,
3) the departments at your institute (day4ime, evening or correspondence),
4) how long the complete course lasts;
5) the number of students at the institute;
6) the subjects you study (humanities, technical subjects, sciences);
7) the equipment the institute is provided with;
8) the examinations you take and the grants you receive;
9) the students' hostels;
10) what you like and what you don't like about your institute.
2. Pairwork. Paul rings up Julia to invite her to the cinema.
a) Listen to their telephone conversation.
PAUL: Hello! Can I speak to Julia7 JULIA That's me
PAUL: It's Paul speaking How are you? JULIA Fine Thank you. How are things with you?
PAUL: Not bad. I was thinking of going to the cinema this evening. Would you like to come?
JULIA: That'd be lovely. But I'm busy tonight. My parents are expecting some visitors and I've promised to help them. Perhaps some other time.
PAUL: What about tomorrow? I'll try to buy tickets and give you a ring. JULIA: That's a good idea. PAUL: Settled then. Bye-bye. JULIA: Bye-bye.
b) Complete the dialogues.
I. A.:......... 2. A.:........
В: That's me. B.: That'd be lovely, but..
A.:.......... A.:...
В: Fine, thank you.... В.: I'll give you a ring.
A.: Not bad.
3. A.: I was thinking of going to the country. What about Sunday?
B.:...
A.: Settled.
B.:..
c) Think of some good questions for the following answers. The answers needn't be true.
1. As long as 1 live. 6. Especially for me.
2. Early in the morning. 7. My parents.
3. Quite possible. 8. The teacher.
4. Only you and me. 9. Physical training.
5. Always. 10. Inside.
3. Helen and Peter are friends. They often spend their free time together. Now they are discussing their plans for next week. Student A takes the part of Helen. Student В takes the part of Peter.
HELEN: Here is your diary for next week. If you are free, accept your friend's invitation. If you are not free, you must say why.
| Monday | 9 a.m.-2 p.m. - classes 7 p.m, - shaping |
| Tuesday | 9 a.m.-3 p.m. - classes |
| Wednesday | 9 a.m.-3 p.m. - classes 5 p.m. - Disco club |
| Thursday | 9 a.m.-3 p.m. - classes 7 p.m. - shaping |
| Friday | 9 a.m.-2 p.m. - classes shopping |
| Saturday | 9 a.m.-2 p.m. - classes |
| Sunday |
PETER: You want Helen to go to the cinema with you on Wednesday. You also want to invite her to go to the country with your friends either on Saturday or on Sunday.
4. Discussion. Your friend who is 20 years old works as a car mechanic. He wants to continue his education in order to become an engineer. He doesn't know which department to choose, day-time or evening. Help him to solve his problem. Give your reasons.
a) Your friend has already made up a list of pros and cons Look through it and think of some more.
| Day-time institute | Evening institute |
| For | For |
| 1. The course is a year shorter. 2. You have more time for self- study and entertainment. 3. You study more subjects and become a better specialist in your field. | 1. Your practical experience makes it easier for you to study special subjects. 2. You have prospects of promotion. 3. You no longer depend financially on your parents. |
b) Discuss the problem in groups of 3-5 students in order to make a decision.
c) Fill in the chart and give your reasons.
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | |
| Day-time institute | |||
| Evening institute |
contributed greatly to the development of educational systems. Read the text
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"The History of Education" and complete the table containing some information about systems of education in different countries.
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TEXT 2A
THE HISTORY OF EDUCATION
1. As long as we live we continue to learn, and the education we receive when we are young helps us to continue learnmg. We are taught to read and write, and are taught many of the essential facts about the world and shown how to sort them out' so that later in life, we shall be able to find out things ourselves and not to ask other people
The first teachers were fathers and mothers, but very early in the history of man children began to be taught by people other than their fathers and mothers. It is thought that schools first started m Egypt 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, and that:t was the invention of writing which made them necessary. Reading and writing were quite different from the skills used tn everyday life, and writing made it possible to store up knowledge which grew with each generation. Specially trained people were therefore needed to teach it.
2. Only the sons of nobles2 attended the first Egyptian schools, which taught reading, physical education and good behaviour. In ancient India the priestly caste3 decided what should be taught to each of the four castes, or groups, into which people were divided
Only the priestly caste was allowed to learn the Hindu scriptures In China, until the 19th century, education was organized according to social classes, and consisted largely of learnmg the scriptures by heart
3. A clear example of the way in which even neighbouring peoples produce different tyoes of education comes from ancient Greece. Sparta and Athens were two Greek states. The Spartans, hard and warlike people, gave a purely military education to their children. At the age of seven all boys of noble families were taken from their homes and sent to live in schools They were kept under a very strict discipline and were taught hunting, military scouting, swimming and the use of weapons The Spartans despised literature, and some people think they could not even read
At the very same time, also for the nobles only, the Athenians were building what we call a liberal education4 - one that helps a man to develop all sides of his nature, helps him to make and appreciate beautiful things and helps him to find the best way of life They thought it important to educate the body as well as the mmd, and had a programme of physical training which consisted of running, jumping, wrestling and throwing the discus As time went on Athenian education paid special attention to reading, writing and literature and these were taught by a special teacher, known as the "grammatist". Common people were not educated; they were trained in craftsmanship, workmanship and trades.
Greek philosophers, or thinkers, always discussed what education should try to do and what it should include. Plato wrote a book called The Republic, which is one of the best books ever written on education, and since those days Greek ideas have influenced European education, especially secondary and university education.
4. The Romans were very good at organizing, and they were the first people to have schools run by the government' free of charge. Throughout their great empire there was a network of these schools which provided for three stages of education.
At six or seven all boys (and some girls) went to the primary school, where they learned "three R's": reading, writing, and arithmetic. Most children were not taught more than this, but at 12 or 13, boys of the rich families went on to the "grammar" school to study the Greek and Latin languages and literatures, that is, what had been written in those languages At 16, young nobles who wanted to enter politics or the service of their country went to the schools of rhetoric to be trained in rhetoric, or public speaking.
5. In Great Britain the first teachers we read about were craftsmen. They taught children to read, write and count, to cook and mend their own shoes. In the early 19th century the main system of teaching was the "Monitor" system The teacher could manage a class of 100 or more by using older pupils or "monitors" to help him The schools had long desks which were sometimes arranged in tiers so that the teacher could see every child in a large class.
NOTES TO THE TEXT
1 to sort out - отбирать, распределять (по сортам)
2 nobles - знать; знатные, богатые люди
3the priestly caste - привилегированная каста духовенства
4 a liberal education - гуманитарное образование
s schools run by the government - школы, находящееся в ведении государства
6 the "Monitor"
