Complete the sentences, using the Complex object

1. She wants you …
2. We saw them…
3. He considered her…
4. Mary heard Tim…
5. Sarah watched her sister …

Exercise 1. Read and make up your own questions.

The art of architecture and civil engineering

Быть PicArchitecture is the art and the technique of building, employed to fulfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possesses the techniques for building produces architecture. It is necessary in all but the simplest cultures; without it, man is confined to a primitive struggle with the elements; with it, he has not only a defense against the natural environment but also the benefits of a human environment, a prerequisite for and a symbol of the development of civilized institutions.

The characteristics that distinguish a work of architecture from other man-made structures are (1) the suitability of the work to use by human beings in general and the adaptability of it to particular human activities; (2) the stability and permanence of the work's construction; and (3) the communication of experience and ideas through its form.

All these conditions must be met in architecture. The second is a constant, while the first and the third vary in relative importance according to the social function of buildings. If the function is chiefly utilitarian, as in a factory, communication is of less importance. If the function is chiefly expressive, as in a monumental tomb, utility is a minor concern. In some buildings such as churches and city halls, utility and communication may be of equal importance.

Would you like to design and construct higher capacity transportation, water supply systems, pollution control systems, or large buildings and building complexes? You may prefer to repair or replace existing roads, bridges, and other public structures. These are a few of the career paths for civil engineers.

Civil engineers design and supervise the construction of roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges, and water supply and sewage systems. Civil engineering, considered one of the oldest engineering disciplines, encompasses many specialties. The major specialties within civil engineering are structural, water resources, environmental, construction, transportation, and geotechnical engineering.

Many civil engineers hold supervisory or administrative positions, from supervisor of a construction site to city engineer. Others may work in design, construction, research, and teaching.

Most engineers work in office buildings, laboratories, or industrial plants. Others may spend time outdoors at construction sites, mines, and oil and gas exploration and production sites, where they monitor or direct operations or solve onsite problems. Nowadays in Kazakhstan prepared many professional specialists in the field of civil engineering, architecture and design.

Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering (KazGASA) is a main and leading institution among the higher educational institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of Architecture, Design, Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Economics and Management in Construction. Since 2000 President of the Academy is Kussainov Amirlan Aidarbekovich. It has the old traditions, highly skilled staff and scientists. More than ten thousand graduates have been come out from the walls of KazGASA and many of them are known in Kazakhstan and abroad as experts, hold important posts on state service and leaders of large companies and firms. KazGASA is a multiple-discipline institution that comprises all stages of educational process – secondary school (represented by the Lyceum and Vocational School) up to Undergraduate, Graduate and Postgraduate Degrees. There is also College of KazGASA which train specialists according to the program of secondary vocational education. For those who wish to improve the qualification or to get another Degree there are Institute of Continuous Education (ICE) and Republican Centre of Improvement Professional Qualification of the Specialists in the field of Architecture and Civil Engineering.